Edinburgh Hebrew Congregation

Edinburgh, Scotland

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Edinburgh Synagogue, Salisbury Road, 2012
(Photo by Kim Traynor, via Wikimedia Commons,
provided under this license)

Congregation Data

Name:

Edinburgh Hebrew Congregation (in early part of the 20th century also known as the "Englisher shul")⁽ⁱ⁾

Address:

4 Salisbury Road, Newington, Edinburgh EH16 5AB.

The synagogue, the first and only purpose-built synagogue in the Scottish capital, designed by the leading Glasgow architect, James Miller,^(iv) was constructed between 1929 and 1932 to accommodate 1,000 people and was consecrated in 1932. The synagogue was built to unify all the Edinburgh congregations under one roof, both the former congregants of the mainstream Graham Street synagogue, as well as the smaller congregations in the city that were more traditional in their outlook.^(v) The building was renovated in 1980 and again in 2003.

The synagogue, including gatepiers and boundary walls, is a Scottish Category B Listed Building (number LB43172), designated on 29 March 1996. View description on Historic Environment Scotland website.

Formation and Previous Addresses:

The date of founding of the Edinburgh congregation is also the date of founding of the first organised Jewish congregation in Scotland (as the first Glasgow congregation was established a few years later). Although a number of sources give the date of formation of a Jewish congregation in Edinburgh as 1816,^(viii) recent research maintains that the correct date for the establishment of the congregation is 1817.^(ix)

The following are the congregation's synagogues, until the opening of the Salisbury Road synagogue in 1832:

Nicholson Street

Jewish Year Books state that "[t]he first regular synagogue was established in 1816, with 20 families, and it was held in a lane off Nicholson Street."^(x) (However, there is some reason to believe that a congregation was established in 1780.^(xi)) It is uncertain until when these premises were in use, possibly until just 1817^(xii) although other sources indicate a later date.

Richmond Court

A small hall in Richmond Court, with seating for 67, was used as the congregation's synagogue prior to the move to Park Place in 1868 and could have been used by the congregation from as early as 1817, although other sources give the date as 1825.^(xiii)

Park Place

The old Ross House in Park Place was acquired in 1868 and converted for use as a synagogue with capacity to accommodate 95 men and 50 women.^(xv) It was in use until 1896, when it was required for city improvements.^(xvi)

Graham Street

The synagogue in Graham Street, a former Christian chapel, was acquired, converted to a synagogue and consecrated in 1898. In remained in use until 1932.^(xvii)

Current Status:

Active.

Ritual:

Ashkenazi Orthodox

Affiliation:

The congregation was an unaffiliated congregation under the aegis of the Chief Rabbi.

Website:

http://www.ehcong.com/

Branch and Rival Congregations:

Although there are references to a rival Richmond Court congregation from 1833 to 1844,^(xx) recent research of the records indicate that "while tensions may have existed between different immigrant groups, there was only one synagogue in the city at the time".^(xxi)
A congregation in Guthrie Street may have existed in the early nineteenth century.
Dalry Road Synagogue, a congregation opened in 1879, in the west of Edinburgh, which was at one time a branch congregation but later became a separate congregation.
Richmond Street Synagogue (previously known as the New Hebrew Congregation), a rival congregation in North Richmond Street, active from 1890 to 1920s.
Central Synagogue, a rival congregation formed in about 1906, known as in Roxburgh Place Synagogue from about 1926 to 1932, that developed into a branch synagogue and then the congregation's Beth Hamedrash, moving in 1932 to the Salisbury Street premises, where it remained until about 1956.^(xxiii)

Ministers: (To view a short profile of a minister, or of a reader whose name appears in blue - hold the cursor over the name.)

Rev. Meir M. Rintel - the congregation's first minister, served some time between 1817 and 1828^(xxvii)

Rev. Moses Joel - from about 1828 until about 1863^(xxviii)

Rev. Abraham Harfield - from 1864 until 1866^(xxix)

Rev. Bernhard Rittenberg - from at least 1866 until 1872^(xxx)

Rev. Berthold Albu - from 1872 until 1873^(xxxi)

Rev. Solomon (or M.) Davidson - from at least 1874 until 1879^(xxxiv)

Rev. Jacob Fürst - from 1879 until 1918^(xxxv)

Rabbi Dr Salis Daiches - from 1918 until 1945^(xxxvi)

Rabbi Dr Isaac Cohen - from c.1947/8 until 1959^(xxxviii)

Rabbi Dr Jacob Weinberg - from 1961 until 1981^(xl)

Rev. Samuel Knopp - acting minister from 1980 until 1982, previously reader (see below)^(xli)

Rev. Daniel Sinclair - from 1984 until 1987^(xlii)

Rabbi Shalom Shapira - from 1988 until 1995^(xliii)

Rabbi David Sedley - from 1996 until 2000^(xliv)

Rabbi David Katanka - part time, from 2002 until 2003^(xlvii)

Rabbi David Rose - from May 2003 until present (May 2025)^(xlviii)

Readers (Chazanim):

Rev. Elkan - early 1860s^(lii)

Rev. Rosebaum or Rosenbaum - from 1863 until about 1864^(liii)

Rev Israel Michalowski - assisted in high holy day services in 1877^(liv)

Rev. Isaac Levine - from 1899 until uncertain date^(lv)

Rev. David Hoppenstein - assistant reader in about 1900^(lvi)

Rev. M.M. Cohen - a reader sometime after 1903^(lix)

Rev. Hyman Levenberg - assistant minister from about 1904 until 1908^(lx)

Rev. Joshua Bach - reader in about 1908^(lxi)

Rev. Abraham Levinson - reader from 1911 until 1937^(lxii)

Rev. Joshua Louis Kahn - second reader in about 1913^(lxiii)

Rev. Samuel Rubenstein - assistant reader from 1919 until 1964^(lxvi)

Rev. Menachem BenZion Ordman - second reader from about 1927 until 1947^(lxvii)

Rev. Bernard Zucker - first reader from 1938 until 1957^(lxviii)

Rev. Emmanuel Morris - reader from about 1947 until about 1948^(lxix)

Rev. T. Rafalowicz - second reader from about 1949 until about 1956^(lxx)

Rev. Abraham Brysh - first reader from 1957 until 1969^(lxxiii)

Rev. Ephraim Groundland - second reader from 1957 until 1959^(lxxiv)

Rev. Herschel Caplan - second reader from 1959 until 1964^(lxxv)

Rev. Samuel Knopp - reader from 1972 until 1981 (and then acting minister to 1982)^(lxxvi)

Lay Officers of the Congregation:

Unless otherwise stated, all data on lay officers below has been extracted from listings in Jewish Year Book (first published 1896/7).^(lxxix)

Presidents

1874 - H Magnus^(lxxx)

1896-1912 - Maurice Isaacs

1912-1915 - H. Michael

1915-1917 - E.H. Furst

1917-1918 - A.M. Hyams

1918-1927 - D. Kissensky

1927-1938 - S.S. Stungo

1938-1956 - R. Cohen^(lxxxi)

from 1956 - no data

Treasurers

1874 - J Michael^(lxxxii)

1896-1899 - Phillip Dresner

1899-1908 - H. Michael

1908-1909 - J. Davis

1910-1911 - R. Marcus

1911-1912 - H. Michael

1912-1921 - S.S. Stungo

1921-1923 - P. Lucas

1923-1926 - H.J. Levitt

1926-1938 - S. Rosenbloom

1938-1946 - L.J. Cohen^(lxxxiii)

1946-1956 - A. Phillips

from 1956 - no data

Secretaries & Hon Secretaries

1874 - J Michael^(lxxxii)

1896-1901 - Ernest Goldston

1901-1906 - A.L. Reis

1906-1914 - Isaac Furst

1914-1915 - S. Stungo

1915-1946 - A. Phillips^(lxxxiv)

1947-1958 - J. Levinson

1958-1962 - H. Oppenheim

1962-1966 - S. Levinson

1966-1970 - I.G. Gowan

1970-1971 - Prof. G. Gordon

1971-1975 - M.S. Cowan

1975-1978 - I. Shein

1978-1980 - A. Rubenstein

1980-1982 - J.A. Cosgrove

1982-1986 - M.L. Cowan

1986-1991 - Dr. N. Oppenheim

1991-1994 - Dr. I. Leifer

1994-1996 - I. Shein

1996-1999 - Dr. W. Simpson

1999-2000 - J. Sperber

2000-2003 - J. Danzig

Wardens

1908-1910 - H. Solomon

1910-1927 - none listed

1927-1933 - C. Rifkind & L. Gordon

1933-1938 - C. Rifkind & L. Lurie

1938-1940 - C. Rifkind & P. Goldberg

1940-1945 - no data

1945-1947 - C. Rifkind & L. Lurie

1947-1948 - L. Lurie

1948-1949 - L. Lurie & S. Rapstoff

1949-1956 - L. Lurie & S.N. Dorfman

from 1956 - no data

Membership Data:

General

1845 - 17 ba'alai batim, 16 seatholders and 107 individuals (Chief Rabbi's Questionnaire)

Number of Seatholders - Board of Deputies Returns

1860

1870

1880

1890

1900

24

42

60

72

73

Number of Seatholders - as reported by Jewish Year Books

1816

1899

1900

20 families^(lxxxvii)

70

75

Reports & Survey^(lxxxviii)

1977 - 245 male (or household) members and 180 female members

1983 - 200 male (or household) members and 200 female members

1990 - 212 members (comprising 87 households, 54 individual male and 71 individual female members)

1996 - 184 members (comprising 72 households, 47 individual male and 65 individual female members)

2010 & 2016 - listed as having 100 to 199 members (by household)

Charitable Status:

The congregation is a registered Scottish Charity (no. SC016924), registered on 7 May 2014, and constituted as an SCIO (Scottish Charitable Incorporated Organisation). The previous registration was as an unincorporated association, registered as a charity since 1 January 1992.^(lxxxix)

Cemetery Information:

For details of cemeteries used by this congregation, see Edinburgh Cemetery Information on Edinburgh home page.

Other Jewish Institutions & Organisations
connected to this congregation

Beth Hamedrash, which developed from a separate congregation, became a Beth Hamedrash in about 1924 and moved to the congregation's premises in Salisbury Road in 1932.
Ladies' Guild - founded by 1950.^(ci)
Miriam Cohen Ritual Bathes (Mikve) - established by 1935^(cii)

Notes & Sources
(↵ returns to text above)

(i) The Jewish Experience in Scotland by Kenneth Collins (the "Jewish Experience"), p. 31. This reflected the congregation's more Anglicised outlook comprising members who had generally lived in Britiain for a longer period, as opposed to the members of the smaller more traditional congregations, who were generally more recent arrivals and Yiddish speakers, and were known as the "Greeners". ↵
(ii) and (iii) Reserved.
(iv) Jewish Heritage in Britain and Ireland by Sharman Kadish, p. 244. To view a description of Jewish architectural works by J. Miller, hold your cursor over his name. ↵
(v) The Jewish Experience in Scotland, p. 71. ↵
(vi) and (vii) Reserved.
(viii) Jewish Year Books from the first edition (1896/7) refer to the congregation as founded in 1816, as does the congregation's website, last accessed May 2025, and a number of other earlier accounts. ↵
(ix) Article by Michael Tobias "Early Jews in Scotland: A Genealogical Study" in Two Hundred Years of Scottish Jewry, edited by Kenneth Newman ("Two Hundred Years") (2018), pp. 127/8. states that the author has "established that the year when the community was founded was 1817", and that the date 1816, previously given, is based upon an error. ↵
(x) The Jewish Year Book 1901/2 was the first to include a note that included reference to the Nicholson Street premises. Nicholson Street is not mentioned in Two Hundred Years. ↵
(xi) The Jewish Year Book 1970, p.121. ↵
(xii) Jewish Year Books from 1901/2 state that, after a year, the congregation migrated from Nicholson Street. ↵
(xiii) Jewish Year Books from 1901/2 state that, after a year in Nicholson Street (i.e. in 1817), "the congregation migrated to a small hall in Richmond-Court, and there remained until .... 1868." However the congregation's website, accessed May 2025, which also includes a photograph of the Richmond Court building, states that "[i]n 1825 the community acquired a tenement in Richmond Court in Newington and converted it for use as a synagogue with 67 seats, This served the needs of the community for 43 years." The Jewish Experience p.29 gives Richmond Court as the address of Edinburgh's first synagogue, without a specific date. ↵
(xiv) Reserved.
(xv) The Jewish Directory for 1874, by Asher Myer. ↵
(xvi) Jewish Year Books from 1901/2. The first Jewish Year Book (1896/7) lists Park Place as the congregation's synagogue, with a note "required for city improvements". ↵
(xvii) The Jewish Experience p.70. Graham Street was listed as the congregation's synagogue in Jewish Year Books 1897/8 through 1932. ↵
(xviii) and (xix) Reserved.
(xx) Several Jewish Year Books from 1970, refer to the existence of a second and rival congregation in Richmond Court. ↵
(xxi) The Jewish Experience p.29. ↵
(xxii) Reserved.
(xxiii) The Beth Hamedrash was listed in Jewish Year Books "in conjunction with the synagogue" from 1933 until 1957. ↵
(xxiv) to (xxvi) Reserved.
(xxvii) The Jewish Experience, pp. 28/9, states the Rev. Rintel arrived in Edinburgh after 1818 and had left by 1828. ↵
(xxviii) Origins of the Edinburgh Community by Abel Phillips. Death notice in The Jewish Chronicle and the Hebrew Observer of 29 May 1863 stated "On the 23rd inst., at 18, Drummond-street, Edinburgh, Mr. Moses Joel, aged 75, for forty years minister of the Edinburgh Hebrew Congregation." ↵
(xxix) Jewish Encyclopaedia article on Edinburgh by Joseph Jacobs and Isadore Harris, c-1906. ↵
(xxx) A photograph of Rev. Rittenberg (in the Capital Collection) was taken in 1866 (see profile). The Jewish Chronicle of 27 December 1872 reported that Rev. B. Rittenberg, of Edinburgh, had been appointed minister of the German and English Congregation of Kingston, Jamaica. ↵
(xxxi) The Jewish Chronicle of 27 December 1872 reported that Rev Rittenberg of Edinburgh was being succeeded by the Rev. B. Alba[sic]. On 8 August 1873 it reported that the Edinburgh congregation had indiscreetly dragged before the public a dispute between the wardens and the Rev. Mr. Albu, "in which that gentleman seems to have been harshly dealt with." ↵
(xxxii) and (xxxiii) Reserved.
(xxxiv) Rev. S. Davidson was listed as the congregation's minister in The Jewish Directory for 1874, by Asher Myer, with his residence adjoining the [Park Place] synagogue. He was referred to as officiating in Edinburgh in The Jewish Chronicle reports of 1876 and 21 September 1872. On 3 October 1879 it reported that the Exeter Synagogue, after having been closed for several months, had been re-opened and elected the Rev. M. Davidson, late of Edinburgh, as chazan. ↵
(xxxv) The Jewish Chronicle of 25 April 1879 reported that the Passover services in Edinburgh were conducted by the newly appointed minister, the Rev. I. Fürst, assisted by an efficient choir. On 20 December 1918 it reported that Rev. Fürst, who in January 1918 had retired from the Edinburgh congregation and been appointed emeritus minister, had died in November 1918. Rev. Fürst was listed as minister of the congregation from the first Jewish Year Book (1896/7) through to the 1918 edition. ↵
(xxxvi) The Jewish Chronicle of 27 December 1918 reported that Rev. Daiches had received a call to become minister of the congregation. He died in office on 30 April 1945. He was listed as minister of the congregation in Jewish Year Book 1919 through 1940, publication having been suspended from 1941 to 1945. ↵
(xxxvii) Reserved.
(xxxviii) The Jewish Chronicle of 15 May 1959 reported that a large gathering of members of the Edinburgh community had assembled in the Communal Hall the previous week at a reception to bid farewell to Rabbi and Mrs. Isaac Cohen on their departure for Dublin, where Rabbi Cohen is taking up the post of Chief Rabbi of Eire ... in recognition of their services, rendered to the community during the past eleven years. He was listed as minister of the congregation in Jewish Year Book 1947 through 1959, publication having been suspended from 1941 to 1945. ↵
(xxxix) Reserved.
(xl) The Jewish Chronicle of 22 December 1961 reported that, since his arrival in Edinburgh, a few months ago. Dr. Weinberg has made his influence felt both within and outside his congregation. On 10 April 1981 it reported a presentation had been made to Rabbi Weinberg to mark his retirement as minister in Edinburgh. He was listed as minister of the congregation in Jewish Year Books 1962 through 1981 and as emeritus minister 1982 through 1989 (although the 1960s editions referred to him as Rabbi Ch. Weinberg). ↵
(xli) The Jewish Chronicle of 5 November 1982 reported that the Edinburgh congregation had bidded farewell to their minister, the Rev. Samuel Knopp, who with his wife were emigrating to Israel. He was never listed in Jewish Year Books as minister of the congregation (only reader). ↵
(xlii) The Jewish Chronicle of 16 December 1983 reported that Rev. Daniel Sinclair has accepted a "call" to be full-time minister of the congregation with effect from April the following year, and on 5 February 1988 it reported that Edinburgh's former minister, the Rev Dr Daniel Sinclair left for Israel after Yom Kippur, following three years as minister. He was listed as the minister and school principal of the congregation in Jewish Year Books 1985 through 1987. ↵
(xliii) The Jewish Chronicle of 29 April 1988 reported that Edinburgh's new minister, Rabbi Shalom Shapira, brings to Scotland a wealth of educational experience and on 6 September 1996 it reported that Rabbi Shapira had moved to Israel the previous year after six years as minister in Edinburgh. He was listed as minister of the congregation in Jewish Year Books 1989 through 1996. ↵
(xliv) The Jewish Chronicle of 6 September 1996 reported that Rabbi David Sedley, a New Zealander who always wanted to live in Scotland, has taken up his post as minister of the Edinburgh Hebrew Congregation. On 19 May 2000, it reported that, after four years of a popular and successful ministry, Rabbi Sedley had left the Edinburgh congregation that week to take up his new appointment at the Beth Hamedrash Hagadol Synagogue in Leeds. He was listed as minister of the congregation in Jewish Year Books 1997 through 2000. ↵
(xlv) and (xlvi) Reserved.
(xlvii) Kol Dodi, by M.B Katanka, 2015, p.253. He was not listed as minister of the congregation in Jewish Year Books. ↵
(xlviii) Congregation's website, last accessed May 2025. Rabbi Rose is listed as minister of the congregation in Jewish Year Books from 2006 until the last publication (2015). ↵
(xlix) to (li) Reserved.
(lii) The online Jewish Encyclopedia article on Edinburgh (1906) described Elkan as the first successor to Rev. Moses Joel. ↵
(liii) The online Jewish Encyclopedia article on Edinburgh (1906) refers to Rosebaum serving after Elkan. A letter to the Jewish Chronicle and Hebrew Observer of 2 January 1863 refers to Rev. Rosenbaum conducting services at Edinburgh. ↵
(liv) Jewish Chronicle reports. ↵
(lv) Jewish Chronicle obituary of 3 and 10 January 1958. Re is not listed in Jewish Year Books with regard to this congregation ↵
(lvi) Two Hundred Years, Chapter 8 - "Integration without Assimilation", (pp.179-207) by Fiona Frank. Rev. Hoppensteine was not listed in Jewish Year Books with regard to this congregation. ↵
(lvii) and (lviii) Reserved.
(lix) Jewish Year Book obituary, 21 October 1938. Rev. Cohen was not listed in Jewish Year Books with regard to this congregation. ↵
(lx) The Jewish Chronicle of 4 September 1908 reported that members of the Graham Street Synagogue met to bid farewell to their reader and junior minister, the Rev. Hyman Levenberg, who is leaving to take up a similar post In Portsmouth. In the address, it was stated that the services Rev. Levenberg had rendered to the congregation during the past four years had been highly appreciated by one and all. He was listed as assistant minister to the congregation in Jewish Year Books 1905/6 through 1907/8. ↵
(lxi) Jewish Chronicle reports. Rev. Bach was not listed in Jewish Year Books with regard to this congregation. ↵
(lxii) Jewish Chronicle obituary 24 June 1949. Rev. Levinson was listed as reader of the congregation in Jewish Year Books 1912 through 1939. ↵
(lxiii) Jewish Chronicle obituary 15 December 1961. Rev. Kahn was not listed as reader of the congregation in any Jewish Year Books. ↵
(lxiv) and (lxv) Reserved.
(lxvi) Encyclopaedia of British Jewish Cantors, etc: their history and culture", by Michael Jolles, 2024, p.846. Rev. Rubenstein was not listed as reader of the congregation in any Jewish Year Books. ↵
(lxvii) Jewish Chronicle obituary 9 June 1967. Rev. Ordman was listed as second reader of the congregation in Jewish Year Books 1934 through 1947. ↵
(lxviii) Jewish Chronicle obituary 24 January 1958. Rev. Zucker was listed as first reader of the congregation in Jewish Year Books 1940 through 1956. ↵
(lxix) Lised as Rev. M. Morris(sic) as the second named reader of the congregation in the Jewish Year Book 1948. ↵
(lxx) Based upon Rev. Rafalowicz's listing as second reader of the congregation in Jewish Year Books 1950 through 1956. ↵
(lxxi) and (lxxii) Reserved.
(lxxiii) The Jewish Chronicle of 1 February 1957 reported that Rev. Abraham Brysh, who received a "call" from the Edinburgh congregation, submitted notice of his resignation from the posts of chazan, shochet, and head teacher to the management committee of Swansea Congregation on the previous Sunday. On 8 August 1969 it reported on a farewell dinner for the Rev A. Brysh, reader of the Edinburgh Hebrew Congregation. He is listed (as Rev. A. Brysz) as first reader of the congregation in Jewish Year Books 1957 through 1970. ↵
(lxxiv) Rev. Groundland was listed as second reader of the congregation in Jewish Year Books 1957 through 1959. ↵
(lxxv) Although Rev. Caplan was listed as second reader of the congregation in Jewish Year Books 1960 through 1966, he commenced serving in his subsequent post, at Southend, in 1964. ↵
(lxxvi) The Jewish Chronicle of 7 April 1972 reported that the Edinburgh Hebrew Congregation and their families welcomed the synagogue's new reader, the Rev Samuel Knopp and on 5 November 1982 it reported the congregation bidding farewell to its minister, the Rev. Samuel Knopp, who with his wife is emigrating to Israel. He was listed as reader of the congregation in Jewish Year Books 1973 through 1983. ↵
(lxxvii) and (lxxviii) Reserved.
(lxxix) Where a person is first listed in a year book as holding a particular office, it has been assumed that his term of office commenced in the year of publication of the relevant year book and that he continued in office until the commencement of office of his successor, unless the office was vacant. Initially year books corresponded to the Hebrew year, and thus ran roughly from autumn of one year - the year of publication - until autumn of the next year. From 1909, year books were published according to the Gregorian year, being published generally towards the end of the year prior to the year appearing in the title of the year book. For example, if an officer is listed in Jewish Year Books 1919 through 1924, it is assumed that he commenced office in 1918 and continued in office until 1924. However, it should be noted that this is only an assumption and, accordingly, his actual years of office may differ somewhat from those shown here. Jewish Year Books were not published during World War II subsequent to 1940. There were no Jewish Year Book listings of officers (other than secretary) subsequent to 1956 ↵
(lxxx) Listed as president in The Jewish Directory for 1874, edited by Asher Myer. ↵
(lxxxi) As R. Cohen was listed in Jewish Year Books as serving as president both immediately prior to the suspension of publication in 1941 (namely, in the 1939 and 1940 editions) and after resumption of publication (in the editions 1945/6 through 1956), it is assumed that he also served as president during the intervening years. ↵
(lxxxii) Listed as treasurer and hon. secretary in The Jewish Directory for 1874, edited by Asher Myer. ↵
(lxxxiii) As L.J. Cohen was listed in Jewish Year Books as serving as treasurer both immediately prior to the suspension of publication in 1941 (namely, in the 1939 and 1940 editions) and after resumption of publication (in the 1945/6 edition), it is assumed that he also served as treasurer during the intervening years. ↵
(lxxxiv) As A. Phillips was listed in Jewish Year Books as serving as secretary both immediately prior to the suspension of publication in 1941 (namely, in the editions 1916 through 1940) and after resumption of publication (in the 1945/6 edition), it is assumed that he also served as secretary during the intervening years. ↵
(lxxxvi) Reserved.
(lxxxvii) Note, which first appeared in the Jewish Year Book 1901/2. ↵
(lxxxviii) Reports on synagogue membership in the United Kingdom, published by the Board of Deputies of British Jews and which can be viewed on the website of the Institute of Jewish Policy Research. Click HERE for links to the various reports. ↵
(lxxxix) Website of the Office of Scottish Charity Regulator (OSCR), last accessed May 2025. Clicking the charity numbers will take you to the charity's respective registrations on the website. ↵
(xc) to (c) Reserved.
(ci) First listed in Jewish Year Book 1950. ↵
(cii) First listed in Jewish Year Book 1936. ↵

Edinburgh Jewish Community home page
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Page created: 6 October 2005
Data significantly expanded and notes added: 11 May 2025
Page most recently amended: 1 June 2025

Research by David Shulman, assisted by Steven Jaffe
Formatting by David Shulman

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