[Pages 464-492]

Appendix – Perpetrators and Accomplices
1200	Victor Klemperer, The Language of the Third Reich: LTI – Lingua Tertii Imperii - A Philologist's Notebook (London, Continuum, 2006), p.228 Return
1201	David S Wyman (ed), The World Reacts to the Holocaust (Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 1996), p.413. Return
1202	Robert N Proctor, Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis (Cambridge Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1989) p.222. Return
1203	David Cesarani, Eichmann: His Life and Crimes (London: William Heinemann, 2004) p.23. Return
1204	Ibid., p.257. Return
1205	Ibid., p.280. Return
1206	Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil (New York: Penguin Books, 1977). p.276. Return
1207	As Henry Friedlander comments, the term Schreibtischtäter is usually taken to mean those bureaucrats who never saw any of the victims their actions affected, but this was certainly not true of the managers of T4. [Henry Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), p.194]. Return
1208	http://tinyurl.com/36h48sq (Accessed 10 January 2007). Return
1209	Götz Aly, Peter Chroust, Christian Pross, Cleansing the Fatherland: Nazi Medicine and Racial Hygiene (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1994), p. 39. Return
1210	Ernst Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich - Wer war was vor und nach 1945 (Frankfurt am Main: S.Fischer, 2005) p.151.
1211	Proctor, Racial Hygiene, p.33.
1212	Fischer had also been a great admirer of Mussolini, considering him, until Hitler came along, the only politician who was likely to “really carry out eugenic measures”. [Hans-Walter Schmuhl, The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics, 1927-1945: Crossing Boundaries (New York: Springer-Verlag, 2008), p.116].
1213	Proctor, Racial Hygiene, p.40-41.
1214	Ibid., p.113.
1215	Benno Müller-Hill, Murderous Science: Elimination by Scientific Selection of Jews, Gypsies, and Others in Germany 1933-1945 (Woodbury: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1998), p.39.
1216	Richard Weikart, From Darwin to Hitler. Evolutionary Ethics, Eugenics, and Racism in Germany (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2004) p.226. The Kaiser Wilhelm Society, founded in 1911, was the umbrella body for the scientific institutes and other organizations operating under its authority. After the end of the Second World War the organization was renamed The Max Planck Society. The Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics ceased to exist in 1945.
1217	This medal, a leftover from Weimar days, was awarded to outstanding contributors to the arts, culture, the humanities and natural sciences, and economics. Only 38 were awarded by the Nazi regime.
1218	Proctor, Racial Hygiene, p.345, note 60.
1219	Michael Wildt, An Uncompromising Generation – The Nazi Leadership of the Reich Security Main Office (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2009) p.394.
1220	Proctor, Racial Hygiene, p.286.
1221	Ibid., p.300.
1222	Roderick Stackelberg, The Routledge Companion to Nazi Germany (London: Routledge, 2007)p. 194.
1223	It is also the title of a fictionalised biography of Hermann Göring by Ella Leffland.
1224	As Germany's leading publisher of medical works, Swiss born Lehmann, who joined the NSDAP in 1920, was hugely influential in the burgeoning racial hygiene/eugenic movement, so much so that in 1934 he became the first member of the Nazi party to receive the Golden Medal of Honour, aka the “Golden Party Badge” [Goldene Ehrenzeichen]. (Proctor, Racial Hygiene, pp.26-27). In the same year he was awarded the Nazi's highest scientific award, the Adlerschild des Deutschen Reiches. Lehmann died in 1935. (Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.362).
1225	Weikart, From Darwin to Hitler, p.222.
1226	Gerwin Strobl, The Bard of Eugenics: Shakespeare and Racial Activism in the Third Reich (Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 34, no.3, 1999), p.326.
1227	http://tinyurl.com/3589aj6 (Accessed 29 September 2008).
1228	http://tinyurl.com/3a37rhp (Accessed 4 October 2008).
1229	Proctor, Racial Hygiene, p.340, note 19.
1230	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.366.
1231	Proctor, Racial Hygiene, p.49.
1232	Ibid., p.48. As opposed to August Forel, who had been hailed as the grandfather of German eugenics. Well, we all had two grandfathers.
1233	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.367.
1234	Ibid., p.466.
1235	Mark B Adams (ed), The Wellborn Science: Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil, and Russia (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990),- pp.14-16.
1236	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.478.
1237	Ulf Schmidt, Karl Brandt: The Nazi Doctor – Medicine and Power in the Third Reich (London: Hambledon Continuum, 2007), pp. 176-177.
1238	Robert Jay Lifton, The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide (London: Papermac, 1990) , p.30.
1239	Ibid.p.33.
1240	Proctor, Racial Hygiene, p.90.
1241	Ibid.p.175.
1242	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.513.
1243	In 1908, Kraepelin had deprecated modern social welfare initiatives that were keeping alive weak and sick individuals who in earlier times would have long since perished. (Weikart, From Darwin to Hitler, p.85)..
1244	The institution was incorporated into the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in 1924. In 1954 it became known as the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry. [http://tinyurl.com/39lybye (Accessed 3 November 2008)].
1245	Dick de Mildt, In the Name of the People: Perpetrators of Genocide in the Reflection of Their Post-War Prosecution in West Germany. The `Euthanasia' and `Aktion Reinhard' Trial Cases (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1996), p.358, note 43.
1246	Weikart, From Darwin to Hitler, p.225.
1247	Ibid.p.226.
1248	Proctor, Racial Hygiene, p.345, note 60.
1249	Paul Julian Weindling, Nazi Medicine and the Nuremberg Trials – From Medical War Crimes to Informed Consent (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), p 237.
1250	Ibid.p.41.
1251	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.516.
1252	Proctor, Racial Hygiene, pp.115-117.
1253	Stefan Kühl, The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp.28-31.
1254	Sheila Faith Weiss, Race Hygiene and National Efficiency: The Eugenics of Wilhelm Schallmayer (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), p.38ff.
1255	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.639.
1256	http://tinyurl.com/37965o6 (Accessed 04 November 2008).
1257	Proctor, Racial Hygiene, p.43.
1258	Ibid.pp.104-105.
1259	Ibid.p.44.
1260	Weindling, Nazi Medicine and the Nuremberg Trials, p.239.
1261	Proctor, Racial Hygiene, pp.307-308.
1262	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.12.
1263	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.70.
1264	Ibid.,p.71.
1265	Ibid.
1266	Ibid., p.165.
1267	http://tinyurl.com/2w9je79 (Accessed 13 April 2008).
1268	Gitta Sereny, Into That Darkness - From Mercy Killing to Mass Murder (London: Pimlico, 1995), p.88
1269	In 1975, a trial against Allers was commenced by the Italian authorities in Trieste. Allers died in March of that year before a verdict could be reached (de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.344, note 13).
1270	Sereny, Into That Darkness, pp.79-80.
1271	Ibid., p.57.
1272	Ibid., p.89.
1273	Weindling, Nazi Medicine and the Nuremberg Trials, p.306.
1274	Michael S Bryant, Confronting the “Good Death”: Nazi Euthanasia on Trial 1945-1953 (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2005), p.217.
1275	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp.86-89.
1276	Ibid., p.226.
1277	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.16.
1278	Michael Burleigh, Death and Deliverance : “Euthanasia” in Germany c. 1900-1945 (London: Pan Books, 2002), p.133
1279	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.168.
1280	Bryant, Confronting the “Good Death”, p.184.
1281	Ibid., p.180.
1282	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.167-169.
1283	Burleigh, Death and Deliverance, p.134.
1284	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.34.
1285	There is a suggestion that Becker's enlistment in T4 came about as a result of the intercession of his cousin, who was married to Herbert Linden. (de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.345, note 23). See also Aly, Chroust, Pross, Cleansing the Fatherland, p.166 and Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.74.
1286	Aly, Chroust, Pross, Cleansing the Fatherland, pp. 176-177.
1287	Ibid., p. 179.
1288	Ibid., p.177.
1289	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.74.
1290	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p. 34.
1291	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp.89-95; Aly, Chroust, Pross, Cleansing the Fatherland, pp.176-184.
1292	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.43.
1293	http://tinyurl.com/2u7c5y3 (Accessed 12 April 2008).
1294	Comparison has been made between the character of Bernotat and Christian Wirth. (Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, pp 203- 204).
1295	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.51.
1296	Ibid., p.198.
1297	Bronwyn Rebekah McFarland-Icke, Nurses in Nazi Germany (Chichester: Princeton University Press, 1999), p.229.
1298	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.194. Burleigh, Death and Deliverance, pp.144-145.
1299	Dire warnings of this kind were commonplace in T4. So far as is known, nobody was executed for violating the secrecy oath. The harshest punishment administered was incarceration in a concentration camp for a few months, admittedly no holiday, but not capital punishment either. (de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.338, note 69).
1300	de Mildt, In the Name of the People p.205.
1301	http://tinyurl.com/38ogv46 (accessed 12 April 2008).
1302	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.52.
1303	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.395, note 63.
1304	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.69.
1305	Ibid., pp.192-193.
1306	Ibid., p.40.
1307	Ibid., p.69.
1308	http://tinyurl.com/35a9pcs (Accessed 19 May 2008).
1309	http://tinyurl.com/3xv7z5s (Accessed 19 May 2008).
1310	Yitzhak Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987), p.161.
1311	Aly, Chroust, Pross, Cleansing the Fatherland, p. 39.
1312	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.52.
1313	Ibid., p.62.
1314	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.70.
1315	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.86.
1316	Aly, Chroust, Pross, Cleansing the Fatherland, p. 37.
1317	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.82.
1318	Burleigh, Death and Deliverance, pp.274-275.
1319	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p. 342-343, note 15.
1320	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.68.
1321	William Sheridan Allen (ed), The Infancy of Nazism: The Memoirs of Ex-Gauleiter Albert Krebs 1923-1933 (New York: New Viewpoints, 1976), pp 246-248.
1322	Goebbels for one was far from impressed by Bouhler: “Bouhler is stirring up trouble for me with the Führer…But I defend myself vigorously. These little nonentities think that one Reichsleiter is equal to another. But it is not the title that counts, it is the quality.” [Fred Taylor (ed), The Goebbels Diaries 1939-1941 (London: Sphere Books Limited, 1983), p.300, entry for 6 April 1941].
1323	Stephen H Roberts, The House That Hitler Built (New York: Harper & Brothers,1938), p. 79.
1324	Allen, The Infancy of Nazism, pp 246-248.
1325	This was address of the NSDAP headquarters in Munich prior to the acquisition of Barlow Palace, the so-called “Brown House” in 1930.
1326	Gerald Reitlinger, The Final Solution: The Attempt to Exterminate the Jews of Europe 1939-1945 (Northvale: Jason Aronson Inc, 1987), p.127.
1327	Allen, The Infancy of Nazism, pp 246-248.
1328	Reitlinger, The Final Solution, p.79.
1329	Whilst killing on a gigantic scale in Poland these men remained on the payroll of T4.
1330	Gerald Reitlinger, The SS, Alibi of a Nation: 1922-1945 (New York: Viking Press, 1957)., p.282.
1331	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.68.
1332	Bryant, Confronting the “Good Death”, p.99.
1333	It may be considered curious that one could be a member of the SA (or indeed the SS) without joining the NSDAP. This has been explained as follows: “If at the time of National Socialism one was politically incriminated or suspect one could, without difficulty, become an SA member, but under no circumstances a Party member, because in regard to Party membership, and even ordinary Party membership, much higher political qualifications were required than in the case of the SA. There were certainly many SA members who joined this organization only to escape to some extent the persecution they had to expect because of their incriminating political record.” [http://www.tinyurls.co.uk/U13892 (Accessed 24 December 2008)]. The same criterion applied to the SS: “…among 118 SS officers, 89 were members of the NSDAP and 29 were not. It is interesting that even in the SS one third of the officer class (all volunteers) were not members of the Nazi Party.” [http://tinyurl.com/32bxcdj (Accessed 6 March 2008)].
1334	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.68.
1335	http://tinyurl.com/39s2mbh (Accessed 26 June 2008).
1336	Bryant, Confronting the “Good Death”, p.99.
1337	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.228.
1338	Burleigh, Death and Deliverance, pp.262-263.
1339	http://tinyurl.com/3x82ct6 (Accessed 27 June 2008).
1340	Ernst Klee, Willi Dressen, Volker Riess (eds.), The Good Old Days – The Holocaust as Seen by Its Perpetrators and Bystanders (New York: Konecky & Konecky, 1991), pp 229-230. Oberhauser's memory regarding dates, like most other matters, was unreliable, probably deliberately so. Sobibor commenced killing operations at the beginning of May 1942, while the first transport to Treblinka arrived on 23 July 1942. However, Brack's alleged promise of a further supply of T4 staff seems quite plausible, since that is exactly what transpired during summer 1942.
1341	http://tinyurl.com/3x82ct6 (Accessed 27 June 2008).
1342	Weindling, Nazi Medicine and the Nuremberg Trials, p.140.
1343	http://tinyurl.com/38klxn3 (Accessed 8 September 2010)
1344	Yisrael Gutman (ed), Encyclopedia of the Holocaust (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1990), p.238
1345	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.182.
1346	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.167.
1347	Burleigh, Death and Deliverance, p.133-134.
1348	Bryant, Confronting the “Good Death”, pp.179- 187.
1349	Ernst Klee, Was sie taten – Was sie wurden: Ärzte, Juristen und andere Beteiligte am Kranken- oder Judenmord (Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, 1986), p.294, note 103.
1350	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.72
1351	Klee, Was sie taten – Was sie wurden, p.81.
1352	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.236.
1353	Bryant, Confronting the “Good Death”, p.32.
1354	Burleigh, Death and Deliverance, p.97.
1355	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.41.
1356	Aly, Chroust, Pross, Cleansing the Fatherland, p. 36.
1357	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.42.
1358	Ibid., p.69.
1359	Ibid.pp.41-42.
1360	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.236.
1361	Burleigh, Death and Deliverance, p.269.
1362	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.33.
1363	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.237
1364	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.192.
1365	Ibid., p.193.
1366	Ibid., p.42.
1367	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.67.
1368	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.42.
1369	Ibid., p.69.
1370	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.301.
1371	Klee, Was sie taten – Was sie wurden, p.70.
1372	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.194.
1373	Ibid., p.89.
1374	Ibid., p.194.
1375	Ibid., p.72.
1376	Burleigh, Death and Deliverance, p.275.
1377	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.379.
1378	Shortly after commencing employment with T4, Lorent was taken on a guided tour of Hadamar, Bernburg, Sonnenstein, and Hartheim, where he witnessed the gassing of concentration camp prisoners, part of Sonderbehandlung 14f13. Lorent claimed to have been deeply shocked by what he had witnessed. He professed to have been equally horrified by what he encountered in the Aktion Reinhard camps. Neither experience persuaded him to change his occupation, which, considering his relationship with Brack, was undoubtedly possible if he had indeed wished to do so. (de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp.93-94).
1379	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.345, note27.
1380	Ibid., pp. 90- 95.
1381	Klee, Was sie taten – Was sie wurden, p.294, note 104.
1382	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.191.
1383	Ibid., p.193.
1384	Klee, Was sie taten – Was sie wurden, p.294, note 104.
1385	Ibid., p.81.
1386	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.193.
1387	Ibid., p.71.
1388	Klee, Was sie taten – Was sie wurden, p.81
1389	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.191.
1390	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.581.
1391	Ernst Klee, “Euthanasie” im NS-Staat: Die “Vernichtung lebensunwerten Lebens” (Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, 1991), p.167.
1392	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.85.
1393	Klee, Was sie taten – Was sie wurden, p.295, note 111.
1394	Ibid., p.81.
1395	Ibid., p.82.
1396	Ibid., p.295, note 111.
1397	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.626.
1398	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.71
1399	Klee, Was sie taten – Was sie wurden, pp.33-37.
1400	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.626.
1401	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.82.
1402	Burleigh, Death and Deliverance, p.273.
1403	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.645.
1404	The pseudonym was what passed for a joke in T4. “Vorberg” translates as “in front of the mountain.” “Hintertal” means “behind the valley”. (Schmidt, Karl Brandt, p.136.)
1405	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.84.
1406	Ibid., p.343, note 3.
1407	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.42.
1408	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.344, note 6.
1409	Ibid., pp.84-86.
1410	Burleigh, Death and Deliverance, pp. 275-276.
1411	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp.87-89.
1412	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.87.
1413	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.670.
1414	Wildt, An Uncompromising Generation, p.181.
1415	Omar Bartov (ed), The Holocaust: Origins, Implementation, Aftermath (London: Routledge, 2000) p.69.
1416	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.670.
1417	Ibid.
1418	Ibid., p.32.
1419	http://tinyurl.com/39s9ozy (Accessed 9 August 2008).
1420	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.220.
1421	Ibid., p.87.
1422	Ibid., p 219.
1423	Klee. “Euthanasie” im NS-Staat, p.195.
1424	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.34.
1425	Christopher R Browning, Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland (New York: HarperCollins, 1993), p.188.
1426	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, pp. 210-211.
1427	Klee, Was sie taten – Was sie wurden, p.152.
1428	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.381, note 15.
1429	Christopher R Browning, Fateful Months: Essays on the Emergence of the Final Solution (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1991), p.31.
1430	Aly, Chroust, Pross, Cleansing the Fatherland, p.167. There appears to be little additional biographical information regarding this important member of the “euthanasia” programme. “I'm sorry to have to say to you that I can't help you with the particular Becker you're referring to. He doesn't surface in our digital databank on the German trials at all” – [http://tinyurl.com/35e4mhr] – “and, as you say, Klee hardly mentions him in his books. Since Klee is the undisputed expert on the post-war careers of types like Becker, the fact that he doesn't mention him at all in his Was sie taten - Was sie wurden, or in his Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich suggests to me that Becker, in one way or another, vanished from the face of the earth at the end of the war.” (Dick de Mildt in private correspondence with the author, 20 May 2008).
1431	Schmidt, Karl Brandt,p.237.
1432	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp. 135-136.
1433	http://tinyurl.com/347mky3 (Accessed 27 December 2008).
1434	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.42.
1435	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p 103..
1436	Ibid., p 365, note 30.
1437	Bryant, Confronting the “Good Death”, p.130.
1438	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.44.
1439	Klee. “Euthanasie” im NS-Staat, p.228.
1440	http://tinyurl.com/34zq56u (Accessed 23 November 2008).
1441	http://tinyurl.com/33ahqs5 (Accessed 21 November 2008).
1442	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.64.
1443	Burleigh, Death and Deliverance, p.11.
1444	Ibid., p.12.
1445	http://tinyurl.com/2uywdc2 (Accessed 19 August 2008).
1446	Andreas Ströhle, M. D., Jana Wrase, Ph. D., Henry Malach, M.D., Christof Gestrich, Ph.D., and Andreas Heinz, M.D., Images in Psychiatry: Karl Bonhoeffer [1868-1948] (American Journal of Psychiatry, 165: May 2008), pp.575-576.
1447	Ibid.
1448	http://tinyurl.com/32qttmd (Accessed 26 August 2008).
1449	Burleigh, Death and Deliverance, p.240, de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.196.
1450	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.371, note 96.
1451	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.65.
1452	He was a student of Karl Bonhoeffer's in Berlin. (Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p 223).
1453	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp.123-124.
1454	Borm claimed to have been asked by Blankenburg to serve in Lublin. Knowing of the extermination camps of the Lublin region, he refused – and suffered no consequences as a result of his refusal. (Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p 244).
1455	de Mildt, In the Name of the People,p.351, note 91.
1456	Burleigh, Death and Deliverance, p.278.
1457	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.125.
1458	Burleigh, Death and Deliverance, p.278.
1459	The following biographical material has largely been derived from Ulf Schmidt, Karl Brandt: The Nazi Doctor – Medicine and Power in the Third Reich (London: Hambledon Continuum, 2007).
1460	A number of different doctors treated Hitler for a variety of ailments over the years. Brandt's medical function as “escort physician” was limited to providing emergency treatment in the event of an accident. Unlike Theodor Morell, Ludwig Stumpfegger or Werner Haase, Brandt was never “Hitler's doctor” in the sense that he prescribed treatment for the Führer's numerous complaints, as he has many times been incorrectly described. (Weindling, Nazi Medicine and the Nuremberg Trials, p.140).
1461	Schmidt, Karl Brandt, p.78.
1462	Ibid., p.376.
1463	Ibid., p.336.
1464	Ibid., p.345.
1465	Weindling, Nazi Medicine and the Nuremberg Trials, p.270.
1466	Ibid., p.305.
1467	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.85.
1468	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp.118-119.
1469	Aly, Chroust, Pross, Cleansing the Fatherland, p.225-226.
1470	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.85
1471	de Mildt, In the Name of the People,p.118.
1472	Ibid.pp.122-123.
1473	Bryant, Confronting the “Good Death”, p.213.
1474	Burleigh, Death and Deliverance, pp. 278-280.
1475	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.85.
1476	Ibid.p.91.
1477	de Mildt, In the Name of the People,p.127.
1478	Ibid.,p.352, note 107.
1479	Burleigh, Death and Deliverance pp. 273-274.
1480	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.96.
1481	Robert S Wistrich, Who's Who in Nazi Germany (London: Routledge, 1995), pp.31-32.
1482	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.190.
1483	Schmidt, Karl Brandt, p.311.
1484	Ibid., p.308.
1485	Ibid., p.353.
1486	Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003), p.1156.
1487	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.97.
1488	By way of contrast vide the reduction of sentences in the cases of Bunke and Ullrich.
1489	de Mildt, In the Name of the People,pp.148-156, Bryant, Confronting the “Good Death”, pp.151-164.
1490	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.97.
1491	Lifton, The Nazi Doctors, p.121
1492	Michael H Kater, Doctors Under Hitler (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), p. 128.
1493	Burleigh, Death and Deliverance, pp.118-119.
1494	De Crinis has been described as the éminence grise of “euthanasia.” [http://tinyurl.com/2vh8z5b (Accessed 8 April 2008.)]
1495	Aly, Chroust, Pross, Cleansing the Fatherland, p. 37.
1496	Burleigh, Death and Deliverance, p.119
1497	Lifton, The Nazi Doctors, p.63 (footnote).
1498	Ibid., p.121
1499	André Brissaud, The Nazi Secret Service (London: Corgi Books,1975), pp. 287-314.
1500	Lifton, The Nazi Doctors, p.121
1501	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.98.
1502	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.64.
1503	Ibid., p.103.
1504	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.123.
1505	Strous, Rael D, M.D., Dr. Irmfried Eberl (1910–1948): Mass Murdering M.D. (The Israel Medical Association Journal, Vol 11, April 2009) pp.216-218.
1506	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.210.
1507	Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, pp.87ff.
1508	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.299, Sereny, Into That Darkness, pp. 157-163.
1509	http://tinyurl.com/34yg59m (Accessed 11 November 2008).
1510	Burleigh, Death and Deliverance, p.261.
1511	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.128.
1512	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, pp.250-251.
1513	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.135
1514	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.103
1515	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.116.
1516	Klee, Was sie taten – Was sie wurden, p.118.
1517	Bryant, Confronting the “Good Death”, p.213.
1518	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp.115-125..
1519	http://tinyurl.com/36h48sq (Accessed 4 December 2008).
1520	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.137.
1521	http://tinyurl.com/2veyvcy (Accessed 14 September 2009).
1522	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.141.
1523	Lifton, The Nazi Doctors, p.85.
1524	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.324, note 108.
1525	http://tinyurl.com/34oet2g (Accessed 26 February 2009).
1526	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.78; Lifton, The Nazi Doctors, pp.82-83.
1527	Lifton, The Nazi Doctors, p.86.
1528	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.78
1529	Lifton, The Nazi Doctors, pp.86-87.
1530	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.144.
1531	Aly, Chroust, Pross, Cleansing the Fatherland, p.160.
1532	McFarland-Icke, Nurses in Nazi Germany, p.276, note 35.
1533	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.51.
1534	Klee, “Euthanasie” im NS-Staat, p.228, de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.346, note 13.
1535	http://tinyurl.com/3ame5sa (Accessed 14 November 2008).This quotation has been slightly modified in order for it to read more fluently.
1536	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp.98-99.
1537	Ibid., p.346, note 15.
1538	Ibid., pp.166-167.
1539	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, pp.159-160.
1540	Thomas Röder, Volker Kubillus, Anthony Burwell, Psychiatrists-- the Men Behind Hitler: The Architects of Horror (Los Angeles: Freedom Publishing 1995), p.208
1541	http://tinyurl.com/33ahqs5 (Accessed 21 November 2008).
1542	http://tinyurl.com/38gz537 (Accessed 21 November 2008).
1543	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.192.
1544	Burleigh, Death and Deliverance, p.150.
1545	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.348, note 56.
1546	Lifton, The Nazi Doctors, p.141.
1547	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.296.
1548	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp.114-115.
1549	Burleigh, Death and Deliverance, p.264.
1550	Klee, Was sie taten – Was sie wurden, p.95.
1551	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.198.
1552	“Habilitation - a second dissertation or qualifying scholarly paper written after the Ph.D., dissertation allowing the candidate to formally teach at a German university. A Habilitationschrift is the thesis written to fulfil this requirement.” [http://tinyurl.com/32lqbo5 (Accessed 13 October 2008)].
1553	Kater, Doctors Under Hitler, p. 131.
1554	Peter Padfield, Himmler: Reichsführer-SS (London: Papermac, 1990), p.535.
1555	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.203
1556	Florian P Thomas, Alana Beres, and Michael I Sheveli, “A Cold Wind Coming”: Heinrich Gross and Child Euthanasia in Vienna (Journal of Child Neurology, Vol.21, 2006), p.344.
1557	Gabriel M Ronen, Brandon Meaney, Bernard Dan, Fritz Zimprich, Walter Stögmann, Wolfgang Neugebauer, From Eugenic Euthanasia to Habilitation of ``Disabled'' Children: Andreas Rett's Contribution (Journal of Child Neurology, Vol.24, No.1, 2009), p. 120.
1558	Thomas, Beres, Sheveli, “A Cold Wind Coming”, pp.344-346.
1559	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.203.
1560	Proctor, Racial Hygiene, p.87
1561	Ibid, pp. 210-211.
1562	Claudia Koonz, The Nazi Conscience, Cambridge Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2003, p.124.
1563	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.205.
1564	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.210
1565	Ian Kershaw, Hitler 1889-36: Hubris (London: Allen Lane, The Penguin Press, 1998)., p.487.
1566	Proctor, Racial Hygiene, pp.95-96.
1567	Ibid., pp.115-116.
1568	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.220.
1569	http://tinyurl.com/qjzto4 (Accessed 17 November 2008).
1570	Aly, Chroust, Pross, Cleansing the Fatherland, p.220.
1571	Susanne Heim, Carola Sachse, Mark Walker, (eds.), The Kaiser Wilhelm Society under National Socialism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), p.113.
1572	http://tinyurl.com/36h48sq (Accessed 17 November 2008).
1573	Aly, Chroust, Pross, Cleansing the Fatherland, p.228. Some 200 of the brains in Hallervorden's collection were those of Jewish typhus victims from Warsaw. (Weindling, Nazi Medicine and the Nuremberg Trials, p.74.)
1574	Weindling, Nazi Medicine and the Nuremberg Trials, p.96.
1575	Aly, Chroust, Pross, Cleansing the Fatherland, p.224. The collection of brains continued to be studied at the Max Planck Institute for Brain Research in Frankfurt until 1990, at which time the material was buried in a Munich cemetery. (Ibid). It was also revealed that The Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry had in its collection brain specimens from children murdered in the child “euthanasia” programme. These specimens came from children murdered at Eglfing-Haar. [http://tinyurl.com/qjzto4 (Accessed 17 November 2008)].
1576	Leo Alexander, Medical Science Under Dictatorship (The New England Journal of Medicine 241, 1949), p.40.
1577	Weindling, Nazi Medicine and the Nuremberg Trials, p.96.
1578	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp.197-198.
1579	Ibid, p.371, note 96.
1580	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.236.
1581	Wildt, An Uncompromising Generation, pp.183-184.
1582	Eugen Kogon, Hermann Langbein, Adalbert Rückerl (eds.), Nazi Mass Murder: A Documentary History of the Use of Poison Gas (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993), p.38.
1583	Wildt, An Uncompromising Generation, p.186.
1584	Hilberg, The Destruction of European Jews, p.345.
1585	Wildt, An Uncompromising Generation, p.187.
1586	Ibid, p.363.
1587	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.240.
1588	http://tinyurl.com/36loptg (accessed 7 November 2008).
1589	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.579.
1590	Klee, “Euthanasie” im NS-Staat, p.228.
1591	Schmidt, Karl Brandt, pp.328-329.
1592	Burleigh, Death and Deliverance, p.104.
1593	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.44.
1594	Burleigh, Death and Deliverance, p.273.
1595	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.127.
1596	Klee, Was sie taten – Was sie wurden, pp.138-139.
1597	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.103 suggests an alternative pseudonym for Hennecke of “Dr Ott”.
1598	Burleigh, Death and Deliverance, pp.148-149.
1599	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.245.
1600	Ibid., p.252
1601	Burleigh, Death and Deliverance, p.116.
1602	Aly, Chroust, Pross, Cleansing the Fatherland, p. 37.
1603	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, pp 65-66.
1604	Sereny, Into That Darkness, p.57.
1605	Burleigh, Death and Deliverance, p.117.
1606	Wistrich, Who's Who in Nazi Germany, p 107.
1607	Burleigh, Death and Deliverance, pp.270-273.
1608	Ibid., pp.239-240.
1609	Ibid., p.195.
1610	Ibid, p.370, note 87.
1611	http://tinyurl.com/2vnkvtk (accessed 7 January 2009).
1612	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.371, note 96.
1613	http://tinyurl.com/36rljqm (accessed 7 January 2009).
1614	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.277
1615	Professor extraordinarius (ausserordentlicher Professor, ao. Prof.): a professor without a chair, or one subordinated to a professor with a chair. Professor ordinarius (ordentlicher Professor, o. Prof.): a professor with a chair.
1616	http://tinyurl.com/36zased (Accessed 4 September 2008).
1617	Mark Walker (ed), Science and Ideology – A Comparative History (London: Routledge, 2003), p.202.
1618	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.278.
1619	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.127
1620	Ibid., p.49.
1621	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.286.
1622	Marius Turda, and Paul J Weindling, (eds.) “Blood and Homeland”. Eugenics and Racial Nationalism in Central and Southeast Europe, 1900-1940, (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2007), p.329.
1623	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.49.
1624	Turda and Weindling, “Blood and Homeland”, p.323.
1625	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.169.
1626	http://tinyurl.com/3yah43m (Accessed 25 November 2008).
1627	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.294
1628	Proctor, Racial Hygiene, p.17.
1629	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, pp.250-251.
1630	http://tinyurl.com/36qwv5l (Accessed 26 November 2008).
1631	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.297
1632	http://tinyurl.com/2vy4w5h (Accessed 27 November 2008).
1633	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, pp.211-214.
1634	http://tinyurl.com/36k6ly3 (accessed 3 January 2009).
1635	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.232.
1636	http://tinyurl.com/2wutnhn (Accessed 3 January 2009).
1637	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.308
1638	Walker, Science and Ideology, p.202.
1639	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.66.
1640	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.317.
1641	Walker, Science and Ideology, p.202.
1642	http://tinyurl.com/3xon5ra (Accessed 27 February 2009).
1643	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.372, note 107.
1644	Ibid., p.372, note 109.
1645	Burleigh, Death and Deliverance, p.154
1646	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp.200-203.
1647	Ibid., p.372, note 123.
1648	Ibid., pp 204-205.
1649	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.348.
1650	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp.140-145.
1651	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.369
1652	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.53.
1653	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp.176-179.
1654	Bryant, Confronting the “Good Death”, pp. 198-203.
1655	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.373.
1656	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.43.
1657	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.373.
1658	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.43.
1659	Ibid., p.200.
1660	Aly, Chroust, Pross, Cleansing the Fatherland, p.46.
1661	Schmidt, Brandt, p.215.
1662	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.376.
1663	Proctor, Racial Hygiene, p.87.
1664	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.379
1665	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.109.
1666	http://tinyurl.com/38gz537 (Accessed 18 September 2009.)
1667	Klee, “Euthanasie” im NS-Staat, p.229.
1668	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.222.
1669	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.198.
1670	Ibid., p.371, note 96.
1671	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.242.
1672	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.260.
1673	Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, p.194.
1674	Sereny, Into That Darkness, pp.240-241.
1675	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.395, note 49.
1676	An eleventh defendant, Kurt Küttner, died before proceedings commenced.
1677	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.260.
1678	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.396.
1679	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp.106-107.
1680	Ibid., p.348, note 48.
1681	Bryant, Confronting the “Good Death”, pp. 164-167.
1682	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.396
1683	Proctor, Racial Hygiene, p.189.
1684	Klee. “Euthanasie” im NS-Staat, p.228.
1685	Röder, Kubillus, Burwell, Psychiatrists-- the Men Behind Hitler, p.104.
1686	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.403.
1687	Burleigh, Death and Deliverance, p.217.
1688	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.229.
1689	Ibid.
1690	Ibid., p.168.
1691	Ibid., p.229.
1692	http://tinyurl.com/2vaft5w (Accessed 19 May 2008).
1693	Aly, Chroust, Pross, Cleansing the Fatherland, pp. 238-295; de Mildt, In the Name of the People pp. 108-112; Bryant, Confronting the “Good Death”, pp. 121-126.
1694	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.197.
1695	Ibid., p.371, note 6.
1696	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.415.
1697	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.366, note 96.
1698	Ibid., p.130, p. 186, p.352, note 119.
1699	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.422.
1700	http://tinyurl.com/33p4mzh (Accessed 2 December 2008).
1701	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.437
1702	In 1899 Kraepelin had suggested that heredity was “perhaps the strongest cause of mental illness,” and that it was the duty of the state to incarcerate the mentally ill for the sole purpose of preventing their reproduction. (Weikart, From Darwin to Hitler, p.137).
1703	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.91.
1704	Klee, “Euthanasie” im NS-Staat, p.228
1705	Schmidt, Karl Brandt, p.136.
1706	Aly, Chroust, Pross, Cleansing the Fatherland, p.158.
1707	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.449.
1708	Klee, “Euthanasie” im NS-Staat, p.228
1709	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp.158-159.
1710	Ibid., p.360, note 57.
1711	Bryant, Confronting the “Good Death”, pp.160-163.
1712	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.453.
1713	http://tinyurl.com/34zq56u (Accessed 5 December 2008).
1714	http://tinyurl.com/37o2qxu (accessed 5 December 2008).
1715	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.458.
1716	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.49.
1717	Michael Burleigh, Ethics and extermination: Reflections on Nazi genocide, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p.245, note 23.
1718	Klee, “Euthanasie” im NS-Staat, p.228
1719	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.102.
1720	Lifton, The Nazi Doctors, p.120.
1721	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp.101-103.
1722	Bryant, Confronting the “Good Death”, p 197.
1723	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.346, note 33.
1724	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.467
1725	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.360, note 57.
1726	Ibid., pp.156-160.
1727	Susan Benedict, Arthur Caplan, Traute Lafrenz Page, Duty and `Euthanasia': the Nurses of Meseritz-Obrawalde (Nursing Ethics, Vol. 14(6), 2007), p.784
1728	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.490.
1729	Weindling, Nazi Medicine and the Nuremberg Trials, p.159.
1730	Ibid., p.236.
1731	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.250.
1732	Much of the following biographical material has been derived from Mireille Horsinga-Renno, Cher oncle Georg: La bouleversante enquête d'une femme sur un médecin de la mort impuni (Strasbourg : La Nuée Bleue, 2006).
1733	Horsinga, Cher oncle Georg, p.89.
1734	Ibid., p.158.
1735	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.491.
1736	Ibid.
1737	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.224.
1738	However, he was never certified as a specialist in either neurology or psychiatry.(Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.58).
1739	Horsinga, Cher oncle Georg, p.54.
1740	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.225.
1741	http://tinyurl.com/33lh7pg (Accessed 22 August 2008). Nitsche was experimenting with the use of lethal injections as a killing method, and chose two junior physicians to assist him, Renno being one of them. (Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.224).
1742	Horsinga, Cher oncle Georg, p.25.
1743	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide , p.102.
1744	Horsinga, Cher oncle Georg, p.76.
1745	Ibid., p.97.
1746	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.218.
1747	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.491.
1748	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, pp.52-53. The first child victims arrived at the end of 1941 or the beginning of 1942. (Horsinga, Cher oncle Georg, p.100).
1749	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.133, p.152.
1750	Horsinga, Cher oncle Georg, p.92.
1751	Ibid., pp.201-202.
1752	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.83.
1753	Horsinga, Cher oncle Georg, p.168.
1754	Ibid., p.86.
1755	Sylvia Anne Hoskins, Nurses and National Socialism - a Moral Dilemma: One Historical Example of a Route to Euthanasia (Nursing Ethics, 12 (1), 2005) 79-91, p 86.
1756	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.197.
1757	Ibid., p.371, note 96.
1758	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.499.
1759	Wildt, An Uncompromising Generation, p.179.
1760	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.371, note 17.
1761	Wildt, An Uncompromising Generation, p.180.
1762	Angus Fraser, The Gypsies (Malden: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2003), p.259
1763	Proctor, Racial Hygiene, p.215.
1764	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, pp.249-262.
1765	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.515
1766	Klee, “Euthanasie” im NS-Staat, p.229.
1767	Schmidt, Karl Brandt, p.246.
1768	Aly, Chroust, Pross, Cleansing the Fatherland, pp.83-84.
1769	Schmidt, Karl Brandt, pp 247-249.
1770	Klee, Was sie taten – Was sie wurden, pp.184-185.
1771	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.533
1772	http://tinyurl.com/38gz537 (Accessed 18 September 2009.)
1773	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.541
1774	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.103 suggests a pseudonym for Schmalenbach of “Dr Blume”.
1775	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.222.
1776	Klee, “Euthanasie” im NS-Staat, p.229.
1777	Kogon, Langbein, Rückerl, Nazi Mass Murder, pp.41-42.
1778	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.546.
1779	Klee, “Euthanasie” im NS-Staat, p.228.
1780	Alexander Mitscherlich, and Fred Mielke, Doctors of Infamy: The Story of the Nazi Medical Crimes (New York: Henry Schuman, 1949), p.93.
1781	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.128.
1782	Bryant, Confronting the “Good Death”, p 125.
1783	McFarland-Icke, Nurses in Nazi Germany, p.231.
1784	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, pp.179-181.
1785	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.352, note 109.
1786	Ibid., pp.128-129.
1787	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.551.
1788	At least one source incorrectly describes Schneider as Austrian (Lifton, The Nazi Doctors, p.35).
1789	Burleigh, Death and Deliverance, pp.117-118.
1790	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.401, note 6.
1791	Ibid., pp. 303-304.
1792	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, pp.130-131.
1793	Aly, Chroust, Pross, Cleansing the Fatherland, pp. 202-219
1794	http://tinyurl.com/38souvw (Accessed 13 December 2008).
1795	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.196.
1796	Ibid., p.371, note 96.
1797	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.559.
1798	Bryant, Confronting the “Good Death”, pp 172-176.
1799	Klee, “Euthanasie” im NS-Staat, p.228.
1800	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp. 99-101.
1801	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.570. Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.103 suggests a pseudonym of “Dr Keim” for Schumann, and attributes the pseudonym of “Dr Blume” to Schmalenbach.
1802	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.220.
1803	Ibid., p.92.
1804	Ibid., p.148.
1805	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp. 82-83.
1806	Burleigh, Death and Deliverance, p.269.
1807	Bryant, Confronting the “Good Death”, p 126.
1808	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp. 183-184.
1809	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.592
1810	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp. 103-104.
1811	Bryant, Confronting the “Good Death”, p 170.
1812	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.62.
1813	Ibid., pp.104-105, page 347, note 40.
1814	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.52.
1815	Bryant, Confronting the “Good Death”, p 171.
1816	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.594
1817	Kater, Doctors Under Hitler, p. 61.
1818	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.201.
1819	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.107, p.113.
1820	Ibid., p.52.
1821	http://tinyurl.com/2udwb3y (Accessed 19 December 2008).
1822	Klee, Was sie taten – Was sie wurden, p.85.
1823	Bryant, Confronting the “Good Death”, p 167.
1824	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp.112-113.
1825	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.601
1826	Francis R Nicosia, and Jonathan Huener (eds.), Medicine and Medical Ethics in Nazi Germany: Origins, Practices, Legacies (New York: Berghahn Books, 2002), p.82.
1827	Klee, “Euthanasie” im NS-Staat, p.228.
1828	Aly, Chroust, Pross, Cleansing the Fatherland, p.91.
1829	This reasoning is remarkably similar to that advanced by certain leaders of the Judenrate in the ghettos of eastern Europe, justifying the sacrifice of part of the community in order to save the remainder. See, for example, Chaim Rumkowski in Lodz, Jacob Gens in Vilna, and Mosze Meryn in Sosnowiec. Of course, there were others like Adam Czerniakow in Warsaw, or Elchanan Elkes in Kovno, who either chose suicide rather than condemn their fellow Jews, or steadfastly refused to cooperate with the murderers despite the risks involved. [http://tinyurl.com/357bx8q (Accessed 22 December 2008)].
1830	Bryant, Confronting the “Good Death”, pp.148-149.
1831	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.196.
1832	Ibid., p.371, note 96.
1833	Ibid., pp.145-149.
1834	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.635.
1835	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp.116-118.
1836	Ibid., pp.122-123.
1837	Bryant, Confronting the “Good Death”, p.213.
1838	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp.125-126.
1839	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.636.
1840	Burleigh, Death and Deliverance, p.200.
1841	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.44.
1842	Ibid., p.66.
1843	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.641
1844	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.50.
1845	Klee, “Euthanasie” im NS-Staat, p.228.
1846	Schmidt, Karl Brandt, p.238.
1847	Ibid., p.265.
1848	http://tinyurl.com/3x2p5wp (Accessed 23 December 2008).
1849	Nicosia and Huener, Medicine and Medical Ethics in Nazi Germany, p.100.
1850	Schmidt, Brandt, pp.265-276.
1851	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.649.
1852	Eric Joseph Epstein and Philip Rosen, Dictionary Of The Holocaust (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1997), p.206.
1853	Kater, Doctors Under Hitler, p. 20.
1854	Lifton, The Nazi Doctors, p.35.
1855	Proctor, Racial Hygiene, p.45.
1856	Weindling, Nazi Medicine and the Nuremberg Trials, p.251.
1857	Proctor, Racial Hygiene, pp.195-196.
1858	Ibid., pp.204-205.
1859	Schmidt, Karl Brandt, p.80.
1860	Lifton, The Nazi Doctors, p.50.
1861	Wolfgang, Weyers, A. Bernard Ackerman, (ed), Death of medicine in Nazi Germany: Dermatology and Dermatopathology Under the Swastika (Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 1998) – passim.
1862	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.652
1863	Klee, “Euthanasie” im NS-Staat, p.170.
1864	Bryant, Confronting the “Good Death”, p.129.
1865	Lifton, The Nazi Doctors, pp.100-101.
1866	Bryant, Confronting the “Good Death”, pp.76-90.
1867	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp.97-98.
1868	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.658
1869	Weber and Müller were both infected with tuberculosis as a result of dealing with a shipment of children from Scheuern. They asked Bernotat to suspend further transports in their absence. Immediately following their return to duty the fatalities re-commenced. (de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.352, note 114).
1870	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp.129-131
1871	Bryant, Confronting the “Good Death”, pp. 135-144.
1872	Burleigh, Death and Deliverance, p.267.
1873	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.132.
1874	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.669
1875	Aly, Chroust, Pross, Cleansing the Fatherland, p.190.
1876	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.44.
1877	Burleigh, Death and Deliverance, p.103.
1878	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.53., p.66.
1879	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.352, note 107.
1880	http://tinyurl.com/35dpf7o (Accessed 27 December 2008).
1881	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.669
1882	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp.138-140.
1883	Bryant, Confronting the “Good Death”, p.206.
1884	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.671
1885	Susan Benedict and Tessa Chelouche, Meseritz-Obrawalde: a `wild euthanasia' hospital of Nazi Germany (History of Psychiatry, Vol. 19 (1), 2008), p.71.
1886	Ibid., pp 73-75..
1887	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp. 96-97.
1888	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.671
1889	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.353, note 130.
1890	Ibid., p.352, note 124.
1891	Bryant, Confronting the “Good Death”, p.141.
1892	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp. 132-135.
1893	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.671
1894	Bryant, Confronting the “Good Death”, p.208.
1895	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp. 135-138.
1896	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.675
1897	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.56. In his legitimate capacity as a police official, Widmann had once to reconstruct how two people had died from the inhalation of carbon monoxide fumes. (Burleigh, Death and Deliverance, p.120).
1898	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.209.
1899	Wildt, An Uncompromising Generation, p.186.
1900	Kogon, Langbein, Rückerl, Nazi Mass Murder, pp.52-53
1901	George J Annas and Michael A Grodin, The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code: Human Rights in Human Experimentation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), p.83.
1902	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp.179-180.
1903	Susan Benedict and Jochen Kuhla, Nurses' Participation in the Euthanasia Programs of Nazi Germany (Western Journal of Nursing Research, Vol. 21(2), 1999), pp. 254-255.
1904	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.180.
1905	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.682.
1906	Klee, “Euthanasie” im NS-Staat, p.228.
1907	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.145.
1908	Aly, Chroust, Pross, Cleansing the Fatherland, p.82.
1909	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.687.
1910	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.222.
1911	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.350, note 83.
1912	Wrona was also a member of the German Labour Front, the National Socialist Welfare Organisation, and the National Socialist Women's League. (de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.368, note34).
1913	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.368, note 35.
1914	Müller had escaped from captivity in 1945 and was never traced. In her absence, and thus her inability to refute the accusation, the defence was able to present her as the true culprit; Wrona, it was claimed, had merely been an uncomfortable bystander. (de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.352, note 119).
1915	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.319.
1916	Ibid., pp.185-187.
1917	http://tinyurl.com/2uwx9qp (Accessed 29 December 2008).
1918	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.251.
1919	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.196.
1920	Ibid., p.371, note 96.
1921	Jules Schelvis, Sobibor – A History of a Nazi Death Camp (Oxford: Berg, 2007), p.247.
1922	Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, p.73.
1923	Robin O'Neil, Belzec: Stepping Stone to Genocide (New York: JewishGen Inc, 2008), p.47.
1924	Ibid., p.104.
1925	Ibid., p.125.
1926	Schelvis, Sobibor, p.101.
1927	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.394, note 39.
1928	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.30
1929	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.211.
1930	Burleigh, Death and Deliverance, p.124.
1931	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.250.
1932	Joshua D Zimmerman, Jews in Italy Under Fascist and Nazi Rule, 1922-1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), p. 249.
1933	Schelvis, Sobibor, p.247.
1934	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp.249 -250.
1935	A number of sources incorrectly state that Bauer died in Berlin-Tegel prison. The judgement by the Hagen court against Karl Frenzel of 4 October 1985 stated: “`…Durch Beschluss des Senats von Berlin vom 30. November 1971 wurde die weitere Vollstreckung der Strafe mit Wirkung vom 22. Dezember 1971 im Gnadenwege ausgesetzt.' Bauer ist inzwischen verstorben am 4. Februar 1980.” (“…By a resolution of the Senate of Berlin of 30 November 1971 the further enforcement of the punishment [against Bauer] was suspended. As an act of clemency a pardon was granted on 22 December 1971. Bauer died on 4 February 1980.”) I am grateful to Dick de Mildt for providing me with this information. Although only a detail, the fact that Bauer died a free man is important.
1936	Schelvis, Sobibor, p.248.
1937	Ibid., pp.84-85.
1938	Miriam Novitch, Sobibor – Martyrdom and Revolt (New York: Holocaust Library, 1980), p. 152.
1939	Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, p.193.
1940	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.399, note 95.
1941	Schelvis, Sobibor, p.248.
1942	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.120.
1943	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.214.
1944	Ibid., p.219.
1945	Ibid., p.291.
1946	Ibid., p.290.
1947	Ibid., pp.276-277.
1948	Schelvis, Sobibor, p.246.
1949	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.292.
1950	http://tinyurl.com/35rftgt (Accessed 24 September 2009).
1951	Schelvis, Sobibor, p.38.
1952	Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, p.172.
1953	Ibid., p.174.
1954	Schelvis, Sobibor, p.181.
1955	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.162
1956	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.213.
1957	Ibid., p.219.
1958	Ibid., p.275.
1959	Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, p.70.
1960	Sereny, Into That Darkness, p.202.
1961	Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, p.190.
1962	Sereny, Into That Darkness, p.238.
1963	Gutman, Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, p.530
1964	Alexander Donat (ed), The Death Camp Treblinka: A Documentary (New York: Holocaust Library, 1979), p.277
1965	Klee, Dressen, Riess, The Good Old Days, p.226.
1966	There were actually three trials of personnel who served at Treblinka – the first, of Josef Hirtreiter was held at Frankfurt in 1951. The second, major, trial of 10 defendants was held in Düsseldorf in 1964/65. The third, of Franz Stangl also took place in Düsseldorf in 1970. Hirtreiter's trial is usually disregarded for the purpose of numbering, so references herein to the first and second Treblinka trials are to the trials held in Düsseldorf.
1967	Sereny, Into That Darkness, p.241.
1968	Klee, Dressen, Riess, The Good Old Days, p.291.
1969	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.259.
1970	Schelvis, Sobibor, p.250.
1971	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp.209-210.
1972	Ibid., pp.223-224
1973	Schelvis, Sobibor, p.36.
1974	Kurt Ticho, My Legacy: Holocaust, History and the Unfinished Task of Pope John Paul ll (Wlodawa: Muzeum Pojezierza Leczynsko- Wlodawskiego, 2008), p.89.
1975	Ibid., p.96.
1976	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp.281-282
1977	Schelvis, Sobibor, pp.87-88
1978	Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, p.192.This tu quoque type of reasoning, aimed specifically at the Americans and the British, is popular among certain critics of allied wartime policy, as if the bombing of enemy civilians as part of an overall strategy to win the war was in any way comparable to the murder in cold blood of non-combatants on racial, political, or economic grounds. When the war was won, the bombing immediately stopped; where the Nazis occupied, the killing immediately began.
1979	Thomas Toivi Blatt, From the Ashes of Sobibor: A Story of Survival (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1997), pp.235-242.
1980	Schelvis, Sobibor, pp.250-254.
1981	Ibid., p.254.
1982	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp.211-212
1983	Ibid., p.221.
1984	Schelvis, Sobibor, p.99.
1985	Ibid., pp.100-101.
1986	Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, p.43.
1987	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.287.
1988	Ibid., pp.276-277.
1989	Ibid., p.279.
1990	Ibid., pp.287-290.
1991	Schelvis, Sobibor, p.255.
1992	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.195.
1993	Ibid., p.253
1994	Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, p.315.
1995	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.195.
1996	Schelvis, Sobibor, p.2.
1997	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp.252-253
1998	Schelvis, Sobibor, p.255.
1999	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.392, note 28.
2000	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.195.
2001	O'Neil, Belzec, p.118.
2002	Schelvis, Sobibor, p.256.
2003	Ibid., note 41. Lerner refers to killing “Greischutz” with an axe (Novitch, Sobibor – Martyrdom and Revolt, pp.112-113).
2004	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.204
2005	Burleigh, Death and Deliverance, p.267
2006	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp.184-185.
2007	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.243.
2008	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.215
2009	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.376, note 46.
2010	Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, p.70.
2011	http://tinyurl.com/354ch7c (accessed 25 October 2008).
2012	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.247
2013	O'Neil, Belzec, pp.30-34.
2014	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.379, note 79.
2015	Rudolf Reder, Belzec (Oswiecim: Fundacja Judaica Panstwowe Muzeum Oswiecim-Brzezinka, 1999), p.137.
2016	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.247.
2017	Ibid., p.258
2018	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.99.
2019	Ibid., p.206.
2020	Ibid., p.281.
2021	O'Neil, Belzec, p.30.
2022	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.210.
2023	An extraordinarily large number of defendants claimed to have been employed in the Hadamar kitchens at the time that the mass gassings took place there, which suggests either a remarkable quantity of catering staff - or a good deal of questionable testimony.
2024	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.221.
2025	Ibid., pp.254-255.
2026	Ibid., p.392, note 30.
2027	Reitlinger, The Final Solution, p.136.
2028	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.249.
2029	Ibid., p.255
2030	http://tinyurl.com/33wchvq (Accessed 2 January 2009).
2031	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.206.
2032	Ibid., p.243.
2033	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp.268-269.
2034	Schelvis, Sobibor, p.257.
2035	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.209.
2036	Ibid., p.223.
2037	Schelvis, Sobibor, pp 244-245.
2038	Ibid., p.257.
2039	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp.285-287.
2040	Schelvis, Sobibor, p.257.
2041	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.238.
2042	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.209.
2043	Ibid., p.221.
2044	Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, pp.71-72.
2045	Schelvis, Sobibor, pp.190-191.
2046	La Risiera was an abandoned rice mill in the San Sabba suburb of Trieste. It was intended to serve as a transit camp for the deportation of Italian Jews to German concentration camps, primarily Auschwitz. However, according to Italian sources, it also served as a killing centre; more than 3,000 Jews and Italian and Yugoslav partisans were murdered there. Erwin Lambert constructed a crematorium at La Risiera in early 1944. (O'Neil, Belzec, pp.197- 199).
2047	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.221
2048	Ibid., pp. 276-277.
2049	Ibid., p.294.
2050	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.238.
2051	Ibid., p.278.
2052	Ibid., p.207, Bryant, Confronting the “Good Death”, p. 130.
2053	Burleigh, Death and Deliverance, p.241.
2054	http://tinyurl.com/32bz6tn (Accessed 12 January 2009).
2055	Schelvis, Sobibor, p.258.
2056	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.211.
2057	Ibid., p.221.
2058	Ticho, My Legacy, p.92.
2059	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.391, note21.
2060	Ibid., pp.251-252.
2061	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.354
2062	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.213.
2063	Ibid., p.222.
2064	Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, p.40
2065	Kogon, Langbein, Rückerl, Nazi Mass Murder, p.132.
2066	Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, p.123.
2067	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.267.
2068	Ibid., p.292.
2069	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.238.
2070	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.223.
2071	Ibid., p.262.
2072	Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, p.122.
2073	Richard Glazar, Trap With A Green Fence: Survival in Treblinka (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1999), p.47
2074	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.261.
2075	Ibid., p.264.
2076	Ibid., p.212.
2077	Ibid., p.223.
2078	O'Neil, Belzec, p.93
2079	Glazar, Trap With A Green Fence, p.47
2080	Samuel Willenberg, Revolt in Treblinka (Warsaw: Zydowski Instytut Historyczny, 1992), pp.61-63. Miete is referred to as “Mitte” throughout this memoir, another example of the problem for survivors of correctly identifying perpetrators by name.
2081	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp.260-261.
2082	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, pp.238-239.
2083	Sereny, Into That Darkness, p.84.
2084	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.222.
2085	Ibid., pp 264-265.
2086	Ibid., p.324.
2087	Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, p.28.
2088	Schelvis, Sobibor, pp. 161-162.
2089	Ibid., p.259.
2090	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, pp.233-234.
2091	Kogon, Langbein, Rückerl, Nazi Mass Murder, p.50.
2092	http://tinyurl.com/37h8dsg (Accessed 13 January 2008
2093	http://tinyurl.com/2uzsfal (Accessed 13 January 2009).
2094	Schelvis, Sobibor, pp. 259-260.
2095	http://tinyurl.com/3yscb6v (Accessed 18 November 2008).
2096	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.394, note 39. This Nowak was in charge of the undressing barracks at Sobibor, which would appear to be a description of Anton Julius Nowak.
2097	http://tinyurl.com/37h4af4 (Accessed 18 November 2008).
2098	O'Neil, Belzec, p.328.
2099	Schelvis, Sobibor, pp. 259.
2100	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.440
2101	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.213.
2102	O'Neil, Belzec, p.208.
2103	Claude Lanzmann, Shoah – The Complete text of the Acclaimed Holocaust Film (New York: 1995), pp. 53-54.
2104	Sereny, Into That Darkness, p.113, footnote.
2105	O'Neil, Belzec, p.207.
2106	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp. 276-279.
2107	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.485
2108	Sereny, Into That Darkness, p.53.
2109	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.225.
2110	Sereny, Into That Darkness, p.138.
2111	Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, p.188.
2112	Schelvis, Sobibor, p.261.
2113	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, pp.239-240.
2114	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.223.
2115	Ibid., p.268.
2116	Schelvis, Sobibor, p.261.
2117	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.214.
2118	Ibid., pp 219-220.
2119	Schelvis, Sobibor, p.71
2120	Ibid., p.261.
2121	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.400, note 132.
2122	Ibid., p.295-296.
2123	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.242.
2124	Glazar, Trap With A Green Fence, p.113.
2125	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp 265-266.
2126	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.596.
2127	Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, p.168.
2128	At his (Stangl's) trial, Prohaska admitted to having taken an intense dislike to Stangl. However, despite considering Stangl “unprincipled ” (a not unreasonable assessment), Prohaska denied having persecuted Stangl in any way. (de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.375, note 40).
2129	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp 216-218.
2130	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.207.
2131	Ibid., p.205.
2132	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.225.
2133	Ibid., p.298.
2134	Ibid., p.299.
2135	Glazar, Trap With A Green Fence, p.46.
2136	Zimmerman, Jews in Italy Jews in Italy Under Fascist and Nazi Rule, p. 249.
2137	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.298
2138	At Stangl's trial, the Berlin historian, Dr Wolfgang Scheffler, estimated the total figure for the number of Treblinka dead at 900,000. (Donat, The Death Camp Treblinka, p.14). Stangl, of course, did not arrive at Treblinka until the camp had been operational for five weeks, during which time approximately 312,500 Jews had already been murdered. (Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, p.87).
2139	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.300.
2140	Gutman, Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, p.1408. (Sereny, Into That Darkness, passim).
2141	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.615
2142	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.240.
2143	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.216.
2144	Suchomel claimed not to know why he had been ordered to T4, nor the reason he had been sent to Hadamar. (Sereny, Into That Darkness, p.56).
2145	Dieter Allers, who was in a better position to know than most, had no doubt about how Suchomel became a T4 operative. “…He had a pal from his home town who was already in there as a photographer and they fixed it between them.” (Ibid., p.80).
2146	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.225.
2147	Ibid., p.266.
2148	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.615
2149	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.266.
2150	Lanzmann, Shoah, p. 43 ff.
2151	Gitta Sereny, The German Trauma: Experiences and Reflections 1938- 2000 (London: Allen Lane, The Penguin Press, 2000), p.310.
2152	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.99. p.204, pp.206-207.
2153	O'Neil, Belzec, p.183.
2154	Schelvis, Sobibor, p.263.
2155	Ibid., p.131, note 14. The date of Tauscher's suicide is mis-stated as 1963.
2156	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.207.
2157	Ibid., p.280.
2158	Schelvis, Sobibor, p.263. Robert Jührs testified that Unverhau was an active participant in the execution of the last Jewish workers at Sobibor at the time of the camp's liquidation. (Schelvis, Sobibor, p.191).
2159	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.208.
2160	Ibid., pp. 276-277.
2161	Ibid., p.279.
2162	Ibid., p.293.
2163	Schelvis, Sobibor, p.264
2164	Ibid., p.61
2165	Ticho, My Legacy, p.110.
2166	Andrew Zielinski, Conversations With Regina (Wlodawa: Muzeum Pojezierza Leczynsko- Wlodawskiego, 2008), pp.89-90
2167	Ibid., p.173.
2168	The uprising was organised by a newly arrived group of Jewish Soviet soldiers led by Aleksander Aronowich Pechersky. Wagner was overheard telling Frenzel, “Leg die Russen um” (“Do the Russians in”). It is possible that he intuitively suspected something was afoot. (Ticho, My Legacy, p.110).
2169	Schelvis, Sobibor, p.264.
2170	Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich, p.680.
2171	O'Neil, Belzec, p.30.
2172	Sereny, Into That Darkness, p.81.
2173	O'Neil, Belzec, p.33.
2174	Ibid., p.33.
2175	Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, p.182.
2176	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.203.
2177	Either Wirth made a slip of the tongue in referring to the Reich rather than the Führer Chancellery, or he was attempting to inflate his importance. A third alternative, of course, is that the witness misheard or misunderstood this phrase.
2178	Burleigh, Death and Deliverance, p.124.
2179	Sereny, Into That Darkness, p.54.
2180	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.241
2181	Donat, The Death Camp Treblinka, p.109.
2182	Ibid. p.112-113.
2183	Ibid., p.159. The real names of very few of the death camp personnel were known to the prisoners. Some guards were given nick-names (for example, Fritz Küttner was called “Kiewe”, Otto Stadie “Fesele” [“barrel”]); others were known only by their first names, actual or assumed, such as Josef Hirtreiter. In his groundbreaking essay, “The Hell of Treblinka”, initially published in November 1944 and largely based upon the testimony of survivors, Vasily Grossman was able to identify the monstrous Hirtreiter only as “Sepp”. [Vasily Grossman, The Road, (London: MacLehose Press, 2010) p.149]. In some cases surnames were misheard by prisoners; Abraham Krzepicki refers to Max Bielas as “Bieler” (Donat, The Death Camp Treblinka, p.131); Moshe Bahir names Karl Frenzel as “Frantzl” (Novitch, Sobibor – Martyrdom and Revolt, p.153). Richard Glazar wrote: “Almost everyone is given a nickname…We only know their real names from what we have heard. We don't know how they are spelled” (Glazar, Trap With A Green Fence, p.46). Such difficulty in matters of identification could later have potentially serious consequences for defendants, as well as causing a major problem regarding intended or actual prosecutions. See, for example, the case of Ivan Demjanjuk.
2184	Sereny, Into That Darkness, p.262.
2185	Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, p.183.
2186	Donat, The Death Camp Treblinka, p.273.
2187	Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, p.184. The Lazarett was a killing site within the camp disguised as a “hospital”, where the sick, the incapacitated, the infirm or elderly arrivals, or anybody else an SS-man decided to kill, were shot. The bodies of those dead on arrival were also disposed of here.
2188	Ibid., p.183.
2189	Friedlander, Nazi Genocide, p.206.
2190	O'Neil, Belzec, p.209.
2191	Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide, p.208
2192	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp.215-216.
2193	Ibid., p.224.
2194	The degree of brutality was, of course, relative. As one witness commented: “Anyone who did not continuously shoot or whip [the prisoners] belonged to the `Good'” (de Mildt, In the Name of the People, p.399, note 106).
2195	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp.283-285.
2196	Schelvis, Sobibor, pp. 265-266.
2197	de Mildt, In the Name of the People, pp. 200-201.
2198	Ibid., p.320.
2199	Ibid., p.294.
2200	Ibid., pp.276-277.
2201	Ibid., p.279.
2202	Ibid., p.294.

  Less Than Human     Yizkor Book Project     JewishGen Home Page

Copyright © 1999-2024 by JewishGen, Inc.
Updated 7 Jan 2017 by LA