Shat (Seta) is situated in the center of Lithuania. A dirt road of about 17 km connected it with the district town Keidan (Kedainiai).

Shat is first mentioned on historical documents during the 17^th century. Early in the 18^th century it was burnt down during the Swedish invasion. In 1785 the town was granted permission by the ruling king to hold two fairs per year.

Until 1795 Shat was part of the Polish–Lithuanian Kingdom, when the third division of Poland by the three superpowers of those times – Russia, Prussia and Austria – caused Lithuania to become partly Russian and partly Prussian. The part of Lithuania which included Shat fell under czarist Russian rule, firstly as part of the Vilna province (Gubernia) and from 1843 part of the Kovno province. In the 19^th century Shat developed at a very fast pace, holding large trade fairs and weekly markets. During this period there were approximately 40 stores, bars, wine distilleries, a factory preparing pelts, flour mills and a drugstore. Towards the end of the Russian rule and the period of Lithuanian independence (1918–1940), Shat was the center of the county in Keidan district. During the autumn of 1915, heavy battles took place between the armies of Germany and Russia in the vicinity of Shat and a fire caused heavy damage in the town. For a short period in 1919, it fell under Bolshevik rule.

Once again in the Second World War the town was burnt down by the Germans. In the years 1941–1944 Shat was under Nazi rule with all its atrocities and murders.

The Jews first settled in Shat at about the middle of the 17^th century. It is recorded that the Karaites settled there in 1664 and in the eighteenth century there was a blood libel against a Karaite resident. Shat was one of the few towns in Lithuania where the Karaites lived for many years.

For a number of years at the beginning of the eighteenth century, the Karaite rabbi Joseph ben Yitzhak had lived in Shat, and the last time the Karaite community was mentioned in historical documents was in 1709. In the years 1679–80 there was a blood libel against the Jewish community.

During the period of the autonomous Jewish Council of Lithuania (Va'ad Medinath Lita) (1623–1764) Shat was most of the time included in the Keidan Circuit.

Being far from a railway and from a highway it was difficult for Jews of Shat Jews to make a living. They were in trade and crafts and in transport as coachmen. In the nearby villages of Bukantz –Bukonys (10 km away) and Truskava (15 km away) Jews were engaged in farming. In 1847 there were 802 Jews living in Shat.

[Page 456]

Kovno Street, on left the house of Kurliandshik family

In 1897, 1640 people lived in town, of them 1135 Jews (69%).

Numerous lists of Jewish residents of Shat, census, revision, candle taxes, box taxes, rabbi electors, etc., including one containing over 1,000 names in the latter half of the nineteenth century are to found in “Lithuanian Archival Documents” in the JewishGen web site (www.JewishGen.org).

Jewish children were depended on their learning at the Kheder, until 1898 when a Jewish school was established by the initiative of the Rabbi Yisrael Levin. He rented a large wide house and partitioned the rooms to provide a separate room for each class. He also hired experienced teachers of various subjects, including Hebrew and its grammar, the Bible, etc.

The large Beit HaMidrash and the Synagogue were the center of the religious life of the Jews of Shat.

For a list of the Rabbis who served in Shat see Appendix 1.

[Page 457]]

Shat Synagogue 1937

A Street in Shat The HaMeilitz database below lists 32 Shat donors in the years 1898–1900. The reporters in HaMeilitz from Shat were Sh. Rabinovitz and Ya'akov Glik. At the old Jewish cemetery in Jerusalem a tombstone of a Shater Jew exists: Duber son of Avraham Segal, died in 1871.

[Page 458]

The Bund (the Anti–Zionist Workers Organization) was organized towards the end of the 19^th century followed in 1903 by the Young Bund. On the first yahrzeit of the mourning for the pogrom at Kishenev, the members of the Young Bund climbed onto the bimah of the synagogue and prevented the cantor from intoning the prayer for the health of the Tzar.

According to the autonomy law for minorities, issued by the new Lithuanian government, the minister for Jewish affairs Dr. Max Soloveitshik ordered elections to be held during the summer of 1919 for community committees (Va'ad Kehilah) in all towns of the state.

According to the regulations, in towns where the Jewish population counted less than 1,000 people, like in Shat, only the chairman of the committee and his deputy were elected. In 1922 the chairman was Ze'ev–Wulf Yofeh, the deputy L.Grinblat and the secretary Hayim Katz. At the end of 1923 the chairman was Yosef Leib Kagan (see an example of the correspondence of the Committee below)

The committee, active till the end of 1925 when the autonomy was annulled, collected taxes as required by law and was in charge of all aspects of community life.

Jewish school children in the 1920s Standing from left: ––––, Rachel Yankelevitz, Sarah Glass, Yokheved Ginsburg Sitting from left: –––––, Leah Isakovitz, Tsiporah Bernshtein, Sarah Bernshtein

[Page 459]

Shat girls 1930 Standing from left: –––––––, Tsiporah Bernshtein Sitting from left: Sarah Bernshtein, Yokheved Ginsburg, Sarah Glass, Leah Isakovitz

[Page 460]

Wedding of Basa Vulf and Shemuel Koren in Shat 1930 Top Row from left: fourth–Pesha Vulf, fifth–David Riklis, sixth–Feige Raizman Second Row: third–Pesha Teper, fifth–Leah (Koren) Rigler, Third Row: first–Mrs.Teper, fourth–Rachel Vulf, fifth–Oga (Katz) Vulf, sixth–Eli Vulf, seventh–Khasiah (Koren) Nadel Fourth Row sitting from left: Sheine Taube (Gordon) Vulf, Shemuel Vulf, Ya'akov–Hirsh Vulf, child sitting on his lap–Yosef Vulf, the bride Basa Vulf, the groom Shemuel Koren, Avraham Koren Fifth Row sitting on ground: fourth–Rachel Riklis

According to the census of 1931 conducted by the Lithuanian government, of the 12 stores and other business enterprises of Shat, 9 of them (75%) were Jewish.

[Page 461]

Type of the Factory	Total	Owned by Jews
Butchers and cattle dealers	2	0
Restaurants & inns	3	3
Furs, clothes & textile stores	4	4
Radio, electrical goods & sewing machines	1	1
Iron & steel, tools	1	1
Other	1	0

In 1937 there were 37 Jewish craftsmen as follows: 8 tailors, 5 stove and fireplace builders, 3 glaziers, 3 carpenters, 3 blacksmiths, 2 bakers, 2 tinsmiths, 2 butchers, 1 felt–boot manufacturer, 1 knitter, 1 shoemaker, 1 barber, 1 leatherworker, 1 shoe stitcher, 1 other. The Jewish Peoples Bank (Folksbank) played an important role in the economy of the town; in 1927 there were 129 depositors. Two years after that there were only 105.

In the mid 1930's the Jewish population decreased and the economic crisis which caused it was due to the boycott and pressures organized by the Lithuanian Merchants Association (Verslas). Those who left sought a livelihood in other places. A large portion of them emigrated to South Africa; some attempted to emigrate to the U.S.A. For many years a “Shatter Association” existed in South Africa and the one in New York was formed in 1909, officially still exists but is inactive.

In 1939 there were 13 telephones in Shat, 7 of them were owned by Jews.

30 Jewish children studied at the Kheder and 70 at the Hebrew elementary school belonging to the Tarbuth network. There was also a Jewish library which contained approximately 500 books in Hebrew and Yiddish but very few Jewish residents of Shat used them. There were very little cultural activities, no theater and no cinema, mainly because of the difficulty in reaching Shat, especially during periods of rain. There was no decent road and also no railway line. Electricity was non–existent.

For some time a Jewish soccer team acted in town and a Jewish fire brigade.

[Page 462]

Volunteer Fire Brigade about 1925 Back Row: 1) Unknown, 2) Meishke Rodblatt, 3) Borke Milner, 4) ? Milner, 5) Ben Zion Ginsburg, 6) Jankele Greenblatt. Second Row: 7) Abke ?**, 8) Chilke Bloch**, 9) Elke ?, 10) Unknown, 11) Unknown, 12) Jankele Rodblatt, 13) Leibke Milner. Third Row: 14) Nochke Glick (medic), 15) Feivke Goldman, 16) Chaimke ?, 17) Leibke Kolanchick, 18) Motke Schneid, 19) Unknown from another shtetl, 20) Ziske Kolanchick, 21) Chilke Der Gleser, 22) Judke Katz, 23) Shmulik Kolanchick Kolanchick 24) Chonke ? (signaler). bottom row: 25) Fievke (Der Smid) Aharon, 26) Mishke Glass*, 27) Meike Reis, 28) Hirshel Strauss (commander), 29) Jankele Bloch (deputy commander)*, 30) Saike Milner, 31) Leibke Woolf*.

The Beth Midrash (Picture supplied by Ada Green)

[Page 463]

Drinks shop of Glass–Strazh family at Keidan Road

Youth group next to the river Obelis From left: Sarah Glass, Tuviyah Bernshtein, Leah Isakovitz, Yokheved Ginsburg, ––––––, Tsiporah Bernshtein, David Rotblat, Sarah Bernshtein, Ben–Zion Ginsburg

[Page 464]

The Glass Family in about 1935 Standing from left: Reizel, Hanah–Ella (Glass) Straus, Hershel Straus, Shelomoh–Itsik, Sarah (Glass) Isakson, Leah Glass Sitting: Rokha–Shula (Shtrom) Glass, Orchik Glass

[Page 465]

Shat Jewish soccer team Standing from left: Hayim Mankovitz, a Lithuanian, Shelomoh Kurliandshik, a Lithuanian, a German, Barukh Balatin, Aba Teper, Berl Blekher Sitting from left: Henakh Riklis, Mikhael Yankelevitz, Manes Kurliandshik

[Page 466]

Shat Youth Group Top row from left: Esther Garun, Pesia Vulf, ––––––––, Feigale Raizman Standing: Manes Kurliandshik, Avraham Garun

[Page 467]

The Bernshtein Family Standing from right: Zalman, Sonia Second row sitting from right: Sarah Bernshtein Grinblat, her son Arik Third row from right: Adv. Shimon Bernshtein From left: Frumah Bernshtein, her daughter Masha.

The Vulf Family From left: Rachel, Yehudah–Leib, Basa, Eli (in uniform of the Lithuanian army), –––––.

[Page 468]

In June 1940 Lithuania was annexed to the Soviet Union and became a Soviet Republic. Following new rules, the majority of the shops belonging to the Jews of Shat were nationalized and commissars were appointed to manage them. Also several Jewish houses whose area was more than 220 square meters were nationalized and their owners forced to vacate them. All the Zionist parties and youth organizations were disbanded and Hebrew educational institutions were closed. Some Jewish youth integrated into the new regime and became members of the Comyug (Communist Youth Organization).

In the Yiddish newspaper Shtraln (“Rays”) of the tenth of August 1940, a report was published by the Shater A. Garun about the festive meeting on the occasion of the integration of Lithuania into the family of the great USSR which took place in Shat on Sunday the fourth of August with the participation of about 3,000 people. There were songs and dances and among others M. Kurliandschik delivered a speech as the secretary of the local Comyug, Y. Grinblat in Yiddish on behalf of the peoples committee and Sh. Kurliandschik on behalf of the Comyug organization.

Supply of goods decreased and, as a result, prices soared. The middle class, mostly Jewish, bore most of the brunt, and the standard of living dropped gradually. Many families remained without any income. In the middle of June

[Page 469]

1941 Shimon Bernshtein and his wife were exiled to Siberia. After 30 years, in 1971 they returned to Vilna where, 2 years later, he passed away.

In 1940 there were about 250 Jews of the total population of 1450 in town.

It should be mentioned that despite all their hardships and poverty, the Jews of Shat never lost their sense of humor, their determination, and their togetherness.

When the German invasion began on Monday 23^rd June 1941, local Lithuanians were already armed and on the rampage, and terror spread amongst the Jews. Their fear was great. The younger people tried to escape to the town of Vilkomir, but were intercepted by the armed Lithuanians who poured out of the forests, and brutally forced the young Jews to return to Shat.

On Tuesday morning 24^th June, German tanks arrived from the direction of Keidan and were met by large forces of the Russian Army, resulting in a bitter battle. The Jews fled from their homes with nothing but the clothes on their backs. Some of them congregated next to the Jewish cemetery, and some escaped to the estate of Aba Ziv, about 6 km from Shat. Others tried to find refuge with local farmers known to them. Only a score of people remained in the village itself.

The first act of the Germans was to round up Yehoshua Aharon Levi, a respected local Jew. They took him to the Synagogue and ordered him to tear the Torah scrolls. When he refused, they shot and killed him.

The Lithuanian activists, together with the Germans, then went from house to house and forcefully assembled the remaining Jews for hard labor. They were tortured and beaten cruelly. Those Jews who had found shelter amongst known local farmers were forced to leave.

Each day, some Jews returned to their village, but they were killed by the wild mobs.

Old people were dragged out of their homes, tortured and then passed on to the two village madmen, who paraded them through the village, and on to the neighboring village of Vilkalnai, where most of them were murdered.

[Page 470]

On the 20^th August, the remaining Jews were rounded up, put on trucks and taken to Keidan. At the same time, all those who had hidden on Aba Ziv's estate, including Aba Ziv himself, were also trucked to Keidan. Together with the Jews of Keidan and other villages of the area, (Zeimiai and others) they were held under terrible crowded conditions for thirteen days at the Zirginas, riding school stables.

Except for so called “coffee” they were not fed, the men being taken daily to various forced labor works.

Meanwhile Russian prisoners of war had dug a massive pit on the banks of the Smilga stream.

On the 28^th of August they were taken to the pit. The first group of 60 old people were thrown mercilessly into it and fired upon by the Lithuanians with automatic weapons.

Of the next group of 60, some of the Jews of Keidan and Shat resisted, inflicted wounds on some of the murderers and fought until the end.

To avoid any further resistance, the next groups were reduced to 20 victims, for easier control. The last groups were mothers and their children. The mothers and older children were shot and the infants were used as balls by the Lithuanians, being thrown from one to the other and then thrown alive into the pit.

The Russian prisoners were made to throw lime over the bodies, many of them still moving. After the pit was covered, the ground heaved from the mass of victims still being alive. The Germans brought steamrollers to flatten the surface and subdue the victims.

Involved in this massacre were two Lithuanians from Shat (their names are held at the archives of Yad Vashem).

According to the Yaeger Report, a total of 2,076 persons were murdered there; however, the correct figure is bound to be more.

After the war, the few survivors of Keidan and Shat placed a Memorial Stone on the Communal Grave, inscribed in Yiddish, Russian and Lithuanian, which stated: “Victims of the Fascist Terror”.

In the 1990s the tablet was replaced by a new one with the inscription in Yiddish and Lithuanian: “Here the Hitler murderers with their local helpers on August 28^th, 1941 murdered 2076 Jews.”

[Page 471]

The monument on the mass grave in Keidan From left: Yudel Ronder, Joseph Woolf

The tablet on the monument with the inscription in Yiddish and Lithuanian

[Page 472]

The Jewish cemetery in 1937

The site of the Jewish cemetery in 1992 with a monument. The inscription on it in Yiddish and Lithuanian says: “At this place till 1941 was the Jewish cemetery of Shat”.

[Page 473]

The survivors of Shat Jews were: Haim Burshtein, who managed to join the partisans in the forest near Keidan; the brothers Shelomoh and Manes Kurlandchik, Khaim Mankovitz, Avraham Garun and David Rotblat who escaped to Russia and fought the Nazis in the Lithuanian division of the Red Army. Kh. Mankovitz and Manes Kurliandschik fell in battle.

The following also survived: the sisters Mirah and Liuba Vidutsky, who had successfully escaped from the Kovno Ghetto and remained in hiding.

Leah Aizikovitz and Sarah Grinblat, having been sent to Stutthof concentration camp from Kovno.

Tuviyah Goldberg was another still alive when the Ghetto was emptied.

Fruma Bernshtein, Yehudith Kamod and Rachel Yankelevitz also emerged alive, having been in Russia during the war.

For the list of Shat Jews before World War II, as prepared by Shelomoh Kurliandschik, see Appendix 3.

Bibliography:

Yad–Vashem Archives: 0–3/2276; M–33/989; M–1/E–1509/1415; 1700/1569.
Koniukhovsky Collection 0–71, File 40.
YIVO, New York, Lithuanian Jewish Communities Collection, File Keidan, pages 44179, 44200, 44201, 44247, 44248.
Shat. Its history and destruction, unpublished article by Shelomoh Kurliandschik.
HaMeilitz (St. Petersburg): 26.8.1887; 13.2.1888; 28.4.1897;12.7.1898; 21.1.1900; 1.8.1903 (Hebrew).
Folksblat, Kovno: 17.7.1935 (Yiddish).
Di Yiddishe Shtime (The Yiddish Voice) Kovno: 18.7.1933 (Yiddish).
Yiddisher Hantverker (Jewish Artisan) Kovno: Nr.3, 1938 (Yiddish).

[Page 474]

A group of Jewish soldiers of the Lithuanian Division of the Red Army 1943 First line kneeling from right: Sgt. Shelomoh Kurliandschik, Sgt. Hanan Levin, Corp. Zlate Miller, First Sgt. Reuven Levitan, Fania Ribak. Standing from right: Lt. Yudl Bendet, First Sgt. Zelbovitz, Blekher, Segal, Nadel. Three Shatter born young men, Sydney Levy (Gaddie), Hymie Schakhman and Joseph Woolf came with the 800 South African volunteers to participate in Israeli's War of Liberation 1948/49.

[Page 475]

Eliyahu ben Yakov Ragoler (1794–1849) who served as rabbi in 1821 and who also established the large yeshiva of Slobodka in Kovno;
Naftali bar Ephraim;
Meir–Mikhel Rabinowitz (1830–1901) who served in Shat for 20 years, author of the book HaMeir L'Olam, published in Vilnius, 1903, on the logic system of studying the Torah;
Nahum Shapiro (1818–1902) prodigy of Rabbi Israel Salanter;
Zev–Wolf Avrekh (1845–1922) served in Shat in 1875;
Avraham Druskowitz (served Shat 1897–1902);
Shelomoh–Dov Hacohen Shprintz served in Shat in the 1890's;
Shelomoh son of Meir–Mikhel Rabinovitz (served in Shat from 1903), died 15^th July 1933 (15 Tamuz), age 63, as per entry in the metrical register of the Kedainiai Rabbinate, Central Metrical Archives, Vilnius;
Elhanan Wiener, the last Rabbi of Shat, murdered in 1941.

Rabbi Yehoshua Rabinovitz (1818–1887), son of Eliyahu Ragoler, from 1847 head of the yeshivah of Kletsk;
Rabbi Mosheh–Yitzhak Rabin (1834–1902) who served for 40 years as the authorized rabbi of Ponevezh and for many years the principal of the famous Ponevezh Yeshiva;
Ben–Zion Shater, head of a Yeshiva in Vilna during the 1880's;
Shemuel ben Meir–Mikhel Rabinovitz, Rabbi in U.S.A., published in Hatsefirah complex problems in geometry, died 16^th September 1925 (27 Elul 5685).
Mordehai–Manes Monashevitz (1857–1927), an educator and author who founded a well–known school in Liepaja, Latvia, which existed for 38 years. From 1919 in the U.S.A., where he became a school teacher and latterly in New York. From 1870, publisher of poems, essays, Hebrew educational books and plays;
Meir–Yitshak Goldberg (born 1871), Rabbi in Ostrova and Vitebsk;
Ephraim Kaplan (1879–1943) who emigrated to the U.S.A. in 1904, published articles on historical issues and edited Der Morgen Journal (The Morning Journal) in New York;
Yb”a Ziv, lived in the second half of the nineteenth century, writer of novels in Yiddish and also poems in Hebrew.

[Pages 476-478]

Nr.	Surname	Name	Wife	Children	Remarks
1	Beten	Shelomoh	+	2 sons	blacksmith
2	Kurliandschik	Khayim	Masha	Shelomoh, Manes, Hanahh
3	Milner	Shaye	Sore Etel	Pesia, Volf & grandmother[1]
4	Garun	Avraham	––––––––––	sister Esther and mother
5	Yankelevitz	Meir	Rachel	mother
6	Khases	Leib	+
7	Grinblat	Lipe	+	daughter and husband[2]	tailor
8	+	––––––––	Khane–Base[3]	Fradke
9	Goldshmidt	Manes	Khasi–Beile	Khaya, Keile Rivka, Libe, Tila, Jakob–Mendel and 5 other children
10	Randman	Chone	Chiene	son Mikhael[4]	from 1938 in USA
11	Vidutsky	Eli	Reizl	Miriam, Liuba, Hanahh, Avraham
12		Aizik	––––––	2 daughters
13		Meir	Sara		carpenter
14	Vulf	Yankel	Sheina–Taube	Elke, Pesia, Shmuel
15	Goldberg	Markus	Dobre	Tuvia, Nakhman
16		Khatskel[5]	Hayah		the Shamash
17	Kurlandshik	Shimon	Simche	Aizik, Base, Yente
18	Strazh	Hirshel	Hanahh
19	+		+	2 daughters	shoemaker
20		Meike	+		tailor
21	Blekher			Berl, Yekhiel, Ester–Malka, Yankel, Efrayim
22		Beile		with mother
23				3 brothers	grain merchants
24	Reznik	Khayim	+	1 daughter	Shokhet
25	Ginsburg	Mendel	+	Yokheved
26	Bernshtein	Zalman	Sonia
27	Grinblat	Yankel	Sarah	Aharon, mother–in–law
28	Burshtein	Itsik	Roza	Khayim, Shimon, Zelda, Leah
29		Hanah–Rachel		Aba, Bath–Sheva, Pesia
30	Balatin	Barukh		sister Ita
31	Aron	Feivel	+	Bela, Kopel	blacksmith
32	Kurliandchik[6]	Leib	+	Mina
33	Lurie	Alter	Sora	Moshe[7]
34	Kamod		Beile	Minke
35	Levin	Aharon	+	Reuven, Shmerl, Moshe
36	Raizman			Meike, Feigele[8]
37	Land		Matle	Yitzkhak, Shmuel David
38	Yankelevitz		Pesia[9]	mother
39				Yonah, David, 2 sisters
40	Bernshtein	Yeizel	Toibe	Tuvia, Shimon, Fruma, Tsipora, Sheva, Hanahh
41	Glass	Aharon	+	Rachel, Leah, Rivkah, Shelomoh, Barukh
42	Rotblat	David		brother Nathan, father and mother
43	Riklis	David	Blume	Henakh, Sore[10]
44	Kidesh	Aba		father and mother
45	Mankovitz	Khayim		mother Feigel
46	Tubiansky	Gershon[11]	+		tailor
47	Kagan	Volf	+	Rachel, Avraham
48	Aizikovitz	Nokhim	Hinde–Gitel	Leah, Rivkah
49	Sadinsky	Alter		Esther, Golda, father, mother
50	+		+	daughter	shoemaker
51		Leib			barber
52	Shnaid			Nakhman, Pesakh[12]
53	Rabinovitz		widow[13]	3 daughters	Rabbi

  All together are in this list 195 names. Mr. Shelomoh Kurliandschik estimates that there were may be about 30–40 more Jews in town he couldn't remember. Joe Woolf contends that there were even more. About 94% were murdered.

Notes added by Ada Greenblatt:

1. Shaye Milner and Sore Etel nee Kurliandschik also had son David Nisan. Return
2. Lipe Grinblat's daughter's name was Zelda, the wife of David Schwartz. They had a daughter, Chase, and a son, Chonel. Lipe Grinblat was also the father of Yankel (Nr. 27 above), in addition to another son, Leib, and another daughter (name unknown). Return
3. This could be Hanah–Base Vinik, wife of Elias Vinik. If so, they also had a son, David Leib Vinik. Return
4. Chone Randman and wife Chiene nee Rogalsky also had daughters Leah and Roche. Return
5. There was a Chatzkel Kan and wife Hayah nee Skurkovich (Hayah died in 1936). They had a daughter Feige. Return
6. There was a Leib Kurliandschik, wife Feigele nee Shachman, and daughter Hayah. Return
7. Alter Lurie and wife Sora nee Altmuner also had children Rachil and Benjamin. Return
8. Meike and Feigele Raizman also had sisters Etel, the wife of Hayim Yofe, and Tamara. Their parents, Hayim Leib Raizman and Rochel nee Grinblat, were probably also still living. Return
9. There was a Hayim Yankelevich and wife Frume nee Meltzer with daughter Pese. Return
10. David Riklis and Blume nee Bank also had son Abram and a daughter Nese, who was married to Hilel Segal. Return
11. There was also a Hayim–Leizer Grinblat and wife Roche–Zlate nee Tuviansky with children Hertz Yosel, Gershon, and Shifre–Leah. Return
12. There was an Izrael Shnaid and wife Yente nee Kapulnik, with sons Manes and Pesakh. Return
13. The widow of Rabbi Shelomoh Rabinovitz was Rochel, daughter of Movsha Meltzer. Her daughters were Sora Sheina, Leah Rasha, and Gitel. She also had a son, Hayim. Return

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