Personalities {Cont.}
[Page 221]
The Teacher Rev. Efraim
and the Teacher Israel Tozman
Aharon Lifshitz & Yosef Segal (Givatayim) (Neve Oz)
Translated by Ala Gamulka
Unlike other neighboring towns, there was no traditional cheder in Rokitno,
maybe because it was a younger town. Until 1916 we had traditional religious
schooling by Rev. Efraim from Avrotch, a Torah-teaching center. The teacher was
paid on a semester basis (from after Pesach to Rosh Hashana and from Succoth
until Pesach). He also alternated staying in the homes of his pupils. Our
teacher, Rev. Efraim was an old Jew, handsome. G-d fearing, a scholar and
well-versed in Gmara and biblical interpretations. The cheder was located in
the house of Old Nahum and later in the old synagogue.
As a pedagogue, he excelled in his explanations. He was able to interpret the
most difficult sections. Every pupil understood what he taught. He was
easy-going and kind. The course of study was mainly Gmara with interpretations,
Tanach, weekly portion, bible with Rashi and prayers for Rosh Hashana and Yom
Kippur. There were no secular subjects. The school day went from morning till
after Mincha, actually till evening. On Saturday afternoons, we studied Pirkei
Avot. In winter we also studied at night and we returned home singing and
holding lanterns. Since our days were filled with schoolwork, we had no time to
play. We did not play any sports.
The pupils of Rev. Efraim were divided into two classes. In the higher class
were Gedalya Lifshitz and Pinhas Kliger, z”l, and Yeshayahu Meiri
(Meirson). In the other class were Yosef Segal, Aharon Lifshitz and Eliyahu
Greenberg, z”l, who was killed in the Holocaust.
In 1916, the education system changed completely. A Hebrew teacher named Israel
Tozman arrived in Rokitno. He was trained in modern methods. He was an
experienced teacher who immediately began to teach Hebrew with a Sephardi
pronunciation. Our parents were against these methods. They claimed that we
would soon forget the Ashkenazi Hebrew and prayers we had learned from Rev.
Efraim. However, they could not stop progress. Tozman's classes were mixed-
boys and girls together. We studied literature, Jewish history, grammar, Tanach
and Hebrew songs. As part of our studies, he imbued us with a love for Israel
and a belief in Zionism.
After the Balfour Declaration, when the Zionist movement was organized in
Rokitno, a new group was founded. Agudat Yaldei Zion (Union of Children of
Zion) was intended to disseminate the Zionist dream among the youths. We
collected money for Jewish National Fund. We even had a rubber stamp with a
Star of David surrounded by the name of the Union.
At our Saturday meetings we read newspapers about events in the Zionist
movement and in Eretz Yisrael. We donated a portion of our Hanukah gelt for the
planting of three trees in Herzl Forest in the name of the Union. Among the
founders of the Union were: Aharon Lifshitz, Yosef Segal, Malka Weiner, Avigdor
Hefetz (he died while serving in the Red Army), Sender Lerner, Avraham Geipman,
z”l, (one of the first pioneers to make Aliyah) and Shunamit Lifshitz
(died during the Holocaust).
The founding of this Union was a direct result of the Hebrew education we
received from our teacher, Mr. Tozman. He guided us in this direction.
[Page 223]
Interesting Jewish Personalities
in the Town of Rokitno
Efraim Vorona (Tel-Aviv)
Translated byAla &
Larry Gamulka
I wish to immortalize several Jewish personalities in the village of Rokitno
who are especially etched in my memory. I remember “Herschel the Yellow
One”, a Jew who never allowed a Gmara book to leave his hand. He dealt in
honey, wax and sour berries. At Pesach time, one could obtain a special mead.
During Hol Hamoed of Pesach, we, the older boys, would go to Reb Herschel to
drink mead and eat nuts.
His son, “Yosel the Yellow One” lived not far away. He was childless
and loved to lead the prayers. When “the boys” saw Yosel leading the
prayers they would twist some towels together and let him have it when he
overdid the singing.
Yosel then would turn his head, mumble “Oh, ai, you non-believers!”
and would continue to pray. Very often, on weekdays, “the boys” would
prompt him into a holiday tune. Even the older Jews enjoyed these pranks.
Not far from him resided Berel, son of Yitzhak. Surnames were not too important
in Rokitno. It was enough to tell a child “Go to Berel, son of
Yitzhak” and the child would know exactly where to go.
Berel, son of Yitzhak, owned a nice home, a small grocery store and two cows.
He made a decent living. His son, Shimon, lived in Warsaw. It was understood
that he was studying there. Others said that he was an employee in a business.
No one really knew the truth. Thanks to these men, Rokitno was privileged to
hear good cantors – even on weekdays.
When Shimon came to visit he brought a gramophone with a big speaker, which
resembled a giant shofar. Thus the Jews would gather to hear the latest
cantorial records. They were all in awe of this box and could never understand
how such beautiful voices would emanate from it. Until then, the locals had
never seen or heard a gramophone.
Berel the Mechanic
Berel the Mechanic! The younger generation and the newcomers have no idea who
was Berel the Mechanic. The older generation probably still remembers the
wonderful Jew. He was thought to be one of the “36 just men”. This is
why more space is used to describe the Mechanic.
He was a tall, skinny Jew whose face emitted goodness. He had a long Orthodox
beard, which he would comb through with his fingers.
It is told that he decided to build a house without the services of an engineer
or an architect. He worked at it for a long time until he realized that the
building was uninhabitable. He gave it to the community to be used as a
bathhouse. Since then he was known as “Berel the Mechanic”.
He made a living from a small grocery store, which consisted of a cupboard
containing sugar, raisins and other incidentals. A barrel of herring, kerosene,
a few sacks of flour and a scale stood in an alcove. Since he spent most of his
time praying and learning, his profits were barely enough to cover his living
expenses.
He had a sick wife who was very swollen. She was very fat and found it
difficult to move. Every Thursday, when all the women wanted to be served
first, Berel would call on his swollen wife for help. It was understood that
even with her best intentions she could not possibly help him. He would then
approach her and tell her: “Even at the beginning it was not a good match
between us”. He continued to say this to her when the total of their ages
was 150 years!
Who does not remember Simchat Torah with Berel the Mechanic! Children would
prepare themselves for weeks for this happy holiday. Berel would think holy
thoughts. When other Jews would drink liquor in honor of Simchat Torah, Berel
would form a circle with the older Jews and would weave the children through
them. With a Torah scroll in his arms he would abandon himself in sacred
dancing and sing: “Yavo Adir Bimhera Beyamenu” and “When will he
come?” Everyone would answer: “When the Messiah will come.”
Berel would continue: “A day of rejoicing, a day of singing.” He
danced until the middle of the night.
In the morning, after prayers and Hakafot, the children would congregate around
him. He would line them up and lead them, holding the hand of a child. This is
how he marched in the street, singing “Yavo Adir” and “When will
he come?” “When the Messiah arrives”.
Gentiles and policemen would respectfully get out of his way when he marched
with the children. This is how he would visit every Jewish home. He and the
children would sing “A Good Yom Tov” to the residents of each house.
The children would be served refreshments. This would go on till evening.
In the evening, he returned home, but not before he brought each child to his
or her home.
I remember how we used to discuss politics with the Jews in the synagogue.
“The cursed one must fall (referring to Tsar Nicolai), if not, the Jews
would suffer a lot more. The Jew-haters will abolish ritual slaughter and G-d
knows what else. Bad times are coming to the Jews. G-d in Heaven should take
pity on us.”
Just before World War I, Berel left for Eretz Yisrael. With his departure, the
Jews of Rokitno felt abandoned. This was a big shock, particularly to the
children who always waited impatiently for the big holiday of Simchat Torah.
Each one wanted to join Berel the Mechanic's group, but the waiting was for
nothing. Unfortunately, there was no longer anyone who could inject joy among
the children and the adults as much as he did.
The streets of Rokitno were empty of that joy which this wonderful Jew managed
to awaken in everyone. He was always referred to as one of the “36 just
men”.
Deep in their hearts many people were envious of Reb Berel, that he was
fortunate enough to go to Eretz Yisrael. G-d himself determined this – so
the rumors went – and that is why a Jew like Reb Berel spent his last
years in the Holy Land.
For some time, the Jews of Rokitno did not hear news of Reb Berel. Later, it
was reported that in 1914, because of the war, he was delayed in Turkey and
died there. A second version made it clear that he did reach Eretz Yisrael and
was buried in Jerusalem.
To this day, it is not known where this great Jew was buried, the one who was
known as Berel the Mechanic.
David Grinshpan
He was called “David the Estate Owner”. The young and the old knew
him and loved him. He was a tall Jew, with a beautiful, long, white beard,
round cheeks and dreamy eyes.
I do not know from where came his nickname – the Estate Owner. It is
possible that it was because he owned a big, beautiful house with a big
backyard. In addition, he was blessed with a voice like an angel. The tunes
that came out of his mouth were sweet and heartfelt. When Reb David sang Kol
Nidrei, you could hear a pin drop in the synagogue. His lyrical voice couched
in Jewish suffering would break the hearts of the Jews of Rokitno. The praying
people would be enveloped in holiness through his beautiful voice. When the
majority of the rural residents moved into town, Reb David also did so since
his children were living there.
In his later years he became paralyzed and was bed-ridden. He was alone at home
when he overturned a burning lamp and he was burned lying in his bed.
[Page 227]
Personalities of Rokitno
Yosef Segal (Givatayim)
Translated by Ala Gamulka
A. Avraham Gelfand
Reb Avraham Gelfand, son of Zalman, was an extremely wealthy man. He had two
country estates: one in Voltche Gorko- east of Rokitno, near the village of
Snovidovitch- and the second- south of Rokitno, in the village called Kisorich.
On both estates, Gelfand had sawmills and the lumber industry there was highly
developed. His business was managed by his clerks, who were all Jews. Gelfand's
son-in-law was Minister of Finance in the Ukrainian government, headed by
Hetman Skoropedsky.
As was well known in Tzarist Russia, not every Jew was able to legally own
property, land and forests. Therefore, all of Gelfand's properties were
registered under a Russian called Banov. For this privilege, Gelfand paid him
large sums of money. Banov lived a life of drinking and partying in Moscow and
Petersburg. In fact, all of the estates and the business were managed by
Gelfand, who resided in Odessa.
When Rokitno was settled early in the twentieth century and Jews from
surrounding areas moved there, Gelfand built a beautiful synagogue as a gift to
the Jews of Rokitno. He furnished it and purchased Torah scrolls and tomes of
Mishna. Gelfand came all the way from Odessa for the dedication of the
synagogue and he participated in the celebration. He was very well received by
the community.
The synagogue, in addition to being a house of prayer, also served as a place
for national celebrations. I recall that during the Balfour Declaration there
was a spontaneous rally in the synagogue. Collections were made for several
funds. When bad times came to the Jews, be it Petlura's gangs or the Holocaust,
meetings were held there to find solutions, to try to alleviate the
difficulties.
Gelfand died of starvation in Odessa during the revolution. The synagogue he
built for the Jews of Rokitno was destroyed during the Holocaust, as were the
Jews of Rokitno.
B. Moshe Wolf Horman
![rok228.jpg [8 KB]](images/rok228.jpg)
In our town lived a Jew called Reb Moshe Wolf Horman, an older man. He was a
craftsman who cut lumber for construction purposes. No one knew him by the name
of Horman; however, if you asked for “Moshe Wolf the carpenter”
– you would immediately have a response.
He came to our town from Dombrovitz with the first settlers and participated in
its founding. As were most of the tradesmen in our area, Reb Moshe Wolf was an
honest man who supported his family by hard work and who was content with his
lot. Although he was slightly liberal in his beliefs, he went to synagogue
daily to attend afternoon and evening services. When those present studied
“Eyn Ya'akov” or discussed a section of Gmara, he would sigh and
sadly say that instead of arguing about an egg which either hatched or not on a
holy day, our sages should have thought about producing arms. Then, the Jews
would not suffer so bitterly in exile.
Reb Moshe Wolf worked on the construction of the synagogue in Rokitno. Avraham
Gelfand liked him and appointed him manager of the farm in Voltche Gorko. Reb
Moshe Wolf fulfilled his function loyally and at Gelfand's invitation, he
traveled often to visit him in Odessa in order to report to him personally
about his holdings and to seek his advice.
So lived Reb Moshe Wolf with his family in Voltche Gorko until the Poles
arrived in our area. He was killed during the Holocaust and did not live to see
how Jews manufacture arms in their own land at the same time as they argue
Talmudic and scientific points.
C. Feivel The Porter
Feivel the Porter was one of the tradesmen and laborers in our town and earned
his living by physical labor. We did not know his surname and it was difficult
to guess his age. He was a bachelor around thirty years of age and he never
seemed to age. He was short and squat with a muscular build.
Feivel came to Rokitno with his parents from Brezne at the beginning of its
development. They were quite elderly. Reb Nahum, with his flowing white beard,
was his stepfather. Feivel was not too developed intellectually. In addition,
he had speech difficulties. He pronounced “k” as a “t” and
that created some humorous situations.
As his name indicates, he earned his living as a porter. He would get up early,
say his prayers and go to the train situation in the middle of town. The train
travelers who arrived in our town would put their luggage on his back. Feivel
would put as much as he could on his back, tying it around him with a rope.
Slowly he would move and panting, he would reach either the inns of Reb Sheftel
Levin and Haim David Weiner or, in the new town, the inns of Buzi Litvak, Hesia
Geipman and Sheindel Kagan. Those who used his services were mostly lumber
merchants who wandered on business from station to station. Rokitno was their
center. They were always in touch with Feivel and paid him well for his work.
When a customer tried to underpay him, Feivel would insist on receiving what
was due to him and would not give up. He would stammer and redden with anger.
When Feivel was overloaded one could not see whether it was a human being or a
walking cargo. Work exhilarated him and you could hear from a distance: “A
parcel, a parcel”.
In the mornings when Feivel passed the stores, he would receive orders for
delivery from the owners. He used the intervals between trains to fill these
orders. He would put on his back sacks of flour, sugar or millet weighing 80
– 100 kilograms and he delivered them to the stores. It is no wonder that
Feivel was busy from dawn to late at night. He would come home for a short
break only to eat a meal.
When he returned home at night he would distribute his earnings. He gave a part
to his mother for living expenses and a part he would store away in a locked
crate. He kept the key tied to his pocket. Because of his work, he was always
dirty and he wore shabby clothes and heavy boots.
This was his daily routine. However, on Friday afternoons, when Feivel came
home clean from the bathhouse, he turned into a “prince”. When he
came to the synagogue in the evening, he wore a beautiful clean suit, polished
shoes and a shirt and tie.
In the synagogue he prayed devoutly, but you could not tell which prayer he was
reciting. His lips moved silently. Sometimes he was moved to play a prank. When
he saw a praying man who fell asleep during the services, he would quietly
approach him, slap him on his ear or his nose and quickly move away from the
scene of the crime. When he returned to his seat, he would giggle.
At the end of Shabbat on his way to the train and before he went to work, he
cleaned his Shabbat clothes well and put them in his crate until the following
Shabbat. He took good care of his clothes. I cannot recall if he ever had new
clothes.
Feivel died in the 1920's.
D. Yankel the Shames
Who did not know Yankel the Shames? He inherited the position at a young age
after the death of his father, Reb Eisenman, who served in this position for
many years in the synagogue in the old town. Everyone knew him as Yankel, son
of Nahum the Shames. His mother died when he was small and he was brought up by
a stepmother. He was feeble in body and mind. He did not learn a trade and did
not know how to do any work. However, he was an honest and straight man, full
of goodness.
He could not pronounce the letter ”m”. When he addressed his wife
(whose name was Malka) the word came out as Nalka. There were many other funny
utterances. He also could not pronounce the letter “p”. When the
hooligans – who lived near the Huta – attacked him, he yelled Tolice
instead of Police.
Yankel filled many positions in town such as keeping and delivering the wedding
canopy, inviting litigants to the Rabbi, delivering invitations to a
circumcision and waking up Jews for Selichot. He did not only participate in
happy events. He also took part in funerals holding a tzedakah box in his hand.
On Succot, he would run around from early morning to honor all the Jews with
the etrog and lulav blessing. Not once would one of the pious women complain to
him that he was late in bringing the etrog and lulav and she had to fast as a
result. He would excuse himself as much as possible.
However, his main function was guarding and maintaining the synagogue. There
were always some people among the worshippers who complained to him: the
synagogue is not clean enough, the clock stopped, there is not enough heat in
the winter, etc. If it happened, G-d forbid, that the Shabbes Goy- who stoked
the furnaces of the Jews- did not appear, they would all direct their anger at
Yankel. He was one of those people who are insulted but do not insult back. He
would listen and sob quietly.
He did not earn a regular salary. With all his many functions, he barely eked
out a living. At times he had to ask for charity in order to prepare for
Shabbat and to support his wife and only daughter.
Yankel, his wife and daughter were able to escape Rokitno before the Nazis
came. They reached the Soviet Union, but no one knows what happened to them.
E. Mindel (Cossack) Eisenberg
![rok232.jpg [6 KB]](images/rok231.jpg)
Mindel Eisenberg, known as the Cossack, was born into the large and highly
respected family of Reb Yehoshua Vorona in the village of Rokitno. She was
married, at the age of 16, to Salek Eisenberg from Vistozk. He was conscripted
into the Russian army right after the wedding and he was sent to Warsaw. Mindel
followed him. She yelled and screamed and succeeded in liberating him from the
army. That is why she was nicknamed “The Cossack”.
She was energetic, courageous and kind. She feared nothing. She would slap many
Christians who threatened her. At the start of World War I, her brother
Nachman, together with Salek Kaplan, were arrested by the tzarist police for
not joining the army. The prisoners were brought to the jail in Olevsk. All
efforts to free them were in vain. Mindel did not give up and was able to
return them to their families.
Even the Poles respected Mindel. Due to her recommendations, many sick Jews
were able to be seen by the Polish military doctor who was not known to be a
lover of Zion.
Secret help to the needy and the unfortunate was to her sacred work. She would
run back and forth among the Jews of Rokitno to collect funds for this purpose.
No one ever refused her since they trusted her. She performed all these deeds
with modesty and without publicity. In general, even the needy did not know who
helped them.
Mindel had five sons and three daughters. In 1920 she gave birth to triplets
– three sons all at once. Mindel became a sensation. The triplets were
named after our patriarchs: Avraham, Yitzhak and Yaakov. Only Avraham remained
alive. He was a brave partisan who fought the Nazis in the forests and lives
with us in Israel.
She educated her children in the spirit of tradition and Zionism. They all
attended the Tarbut School in Rokitno.
On the 13th of Elul 1942 when the Jews of Rokitno were executed, Mindel
presented herself in the market square. She stood with her grandchildren in her
arms and was the first to sense the killers approaching. She screamed out:
“Jews, save yourselves! The murderers are coming to kill us!” Many of
the remnants of the town were saved by this scream. She herself was not so
fortunate. She was taken with her husband and grandchildren to Sarny. Her end
was like the end of all the Jews. She was 48 years old when she was murdered.
[Page 232]
Candles of Remembrance
The Editorial Board
Translated by Ala Gamulka
Reb Hebert the Shohet
We remember him as an elderly man. His hands trembled and he stopped working as
a slaughterer. He would chant his own tunes in the synagogue. He was a scholar
and spoke well. He took part in all celebrations in town. One day he was
invited to four happy events. The old man sighed and said: “Today I am
going to all four” (walking on four legs…).
Shaya Gendelman (Shaya the Blacksmith)
Reb Shaya Gendelman, nicknamed Shaya the Blacksmith, was an honest man who
always supported himself by his work. He prayed daily in the synagogue where he
sat at the eastern wall. He prayed devoutly. On Shabbat he would not speak
Yiddish, only Holy Tongue.
In the synagogue he made certain that no one spoke during services and he would
loudly scold those who talked. The young people sometimes used their time in
the synagogue for idle talk and they disturbed those praying. Reb Shaya would
walk over to them, scatter them and tell them: “Each person to his own
station” or he would point at what was written on the eastern wall:
“This is a House of G-d” in order to teach them to respect this holy
place.
Yosef Haim Baum
Reb Yosef Haim Baum was a tailor. However, in our humble opinion, he was rarely
seen plying his trade. He was fortunate to have employees to do the work. He
neglected his trade in order to do community work such as the Association of
Tradesmen. He was their representative in City Hall and fought for their
rights, for the lowering of taxes imposed on them. He helped them get their
permits since many of them did not have the necessary funds. He spoke for them
in the community and in various Jewish organizations. He gave generously of his
time and his effort.
He was often seen on a rainy day making his way to one meeting or another. He
bore his role as a representative of the Proletariat with pride and devotion.
Shlomo Bender
He was tall, broad-shouldered, round-faced with a perpetual smile. His bearing
spoke of strength. He owned a restaurant and most of his customers were Poles
who were not necessarily lovers of the Jews. As a result, he had dealings with
the ruling class in the town and in the county.
He had a warm Jewish heart and was always prepared to do a good deed. He was
one of the founders of “Linat Hatzedek” and helped in many charitable
institutions.
He served as a shield and a defender of the Jews of Rokitno. His name alone
frightened many of the criminals and hooligans. He came to Rokitno from Warsaw
as a sergeant in the Polish Mounted Army Regiment. He married a woman from
Rokitno from the Vorona family. He was killed in a bombing raid in 1941 as he
was fleeing to the Soviet Union.
Mendel Kercher
He came to Rokitno as an adult from Slichets in the twenties. He integrated
into the community and dedicated himself to Jewish communal affairs. When
Rokitno was annexed to Sarny, he was elected chairman of the Joint Community.
He served in that capacity for many years. He was also a member of city council
and the permanent treasurer in the new synagogue that was built at his urging.
He was a strong man and he fought courageously for the rights of the Jews in
municipal and government institutions. He was respected by the Jews of Rokitno
as well as by other non-Jewish citizens.
He died at a ripe old age in 1940 as the Soviets were entering town.
Moshe Zelig Shyulman
He was a wealthy and successful lumber merchant. He bought Anikin's ranch near
Rokitno in the 30's and managed it successfully. He came with his wife Necha to
our town as a young man from the village of Vitkovich.
Reb Moshe Zelig was not selfish since he did not feel that money meant
everything. He did communal work, mainly in Zionist circles. He was well known
as a charitable man and he donated substantially to the various national and
charitable funds in Rokitno. He helped with money and materials in the
construction of the Tarbut School in Rokitno and he served on the Parents
Committee of the school. As a dedicated Zionist, he visited Eretz Yisrael and
decided to settle there. He was on the verge of liquidating his business, but
the war changed his plans and he was forced to give up his dream of Aliyah.
When the Soviets entered Rokitno he had to leave town and he hid in Zdolovonov.
He was killed there during the Nazi occupation.
Zeidel (Herzel) Binder
He was one of the first leather goods merchants. He was also one of the
founders of the “Hevra Kadisha”(Burial Society) and the “Linat
Hatzedek”, and he remained active in these institutions all his life.
During World War I, many Jewish refugees- escapees from the army- came to
Rokitno. Zeidel collected money and paid off Oradnik and Pristov so they would
not be caught.
In 1925, Zeidel was sent by a group of residents to Eretz Yisrael in order to
buy them land. Due to the Depression there at the time, he did not succeed in
his mission. He returned to Rokitno and continued with his business. Being a
Zionist, he educated his children in the Zionist spirit. His home was a center
for Zionist activities. All Jewish National Fund activities emanated from his
house. He was killed in the Holocaust.
Esther Hassel Rootman
She was considered in our town as a clever woman, full of energy and
resourcefulness. She was good-natured and was always ready to help others. Her
home was open to the needy. Many unfortunate people, Jewish and non-Jewish,
found refuge from the winter cold in her bakery.
She especially stood out as a hostess. On Friday nights and on Shabbat, there
were always poor souls who would come from great distances to dine at her
table. This wonderful custom became a family tradition. Her home was imbued
with an aura of Zionism and a love of Israel. Her children grew up in this
atmosphere.
Esther Hassel was fortunate to leave our town before the Holocaust and made
Aliyah in 1935. She died in Jerusalem on the eleventh day of Nissan, 1955 at
the age of 83.
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