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[Page 313-326]

Names of the Departed and Martyrs

Translated by Ann Gleich Harris

The names of these who died and were martyred in the Holocaust and its destruction were found on the Megilat Ha-Klef, commemorating the Shoah, in the basement in Har Zion in Jerusalem. They are remembered by those from Sanok and the surrounding areas.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

ABT Nissan and Chaya
ADAMONI Binyamin, Hey, Yud (Hebrew Letters)
ADRICH Bezalel and his family
ALSTER Schiffra
ALTKORN Tzvi-Herman, Yosef, Pipa
AMENT Bella, Sima, Yenta, Rachel, Frima
AMENT Mordechai, Toltsa
ASTER Amalia, Mordechai, Genia, Adzia, Ronia, Moshe, Zipporah
AMSTER Wulf, Chaya and their children
AMSTER Yacov, Chaya-Sara, Miryam, Yitzchok
ASCHER Mordechai, Amalia, Zlate, Yitzchok
AUERBACH Wulf, Matilda, Shmuel, David, Elka
AUFRIL Avraham-Yacov, and his family
AYBLER Sara, Zipporah, Tzvi, Shrage, Rivke, Yosef, Bilha, Ester, Libe-Gittel, Golda Reizel
BABAD return Yitzchok
BACH Bezalel, Feiga-Riva
BARUCH Golda
BAUMOHL Meier, Tziril, Ascher-Lemel, Moshe, Yehudit
BEER/BAER Shimon, Sela, Devora
BEILES Shmuel, Zebulon, Rachel
BERGENBAUM Shmaryahu, Rivke, Dr, Chaim, Vera, Alexander
BERGER Chana-Leah
BERGER Shoshana
BERGER Tzvi-Arye
BERGER Yisrael-Shlomo, Sara, Moshe-Yosef, Simcha-Bonim
BERGLASS Leibusch, Malka, Belha, Avraham, Chaim, Shalom, Yehoshea
BERGLASS Menachem
BINGFELD Ida
BIRNBAUM Chaim, Shmuel
BIRNBAUM Shmuel, Ester
BLOCH Avraham, Adah, Hela
BLUM/BLOOM Ita, Baruch, Mirel
BLUM/BLOOM Noach, Ester and their children
BLUMENFELD David, Hirsch, Mordechai, Henia, Aharon
BLUMENFELD Hager, Miryam, Yoel, Perel
BODNER Eliezer, Ita
BORFUS Melech
BRAND Yosef and Chana (Zagorsh), and their sons Yitzchok and Eliezer and their daughters, Sara and Devora
BRAUN Tzvi, Yitzchok, Menachem, Sela
BRAUN Yisrael, Sela, Tzvi-Hirsch, Yitzchok-Menachem
BREIT Yosef
BRIDNER (LEVENTAL) Natan, Binyamin, Frieda, Meier
BRINK Arye-Leibusch, Yisrael, and their families
BRINKER Chaim, Leibusch, David, and their families
BRINKLAU Viska
BROSS Mordechai, Dina, Pessel, Chaim
CHARAS return Shlomo, Mendel, Meier, Miryam
CHARAS Shmaryahu, Chana, Shalom, Hirsch, Sara, Ester, Malka
CHEIT Chana
DANKBERG return Nachman, Moshe, Rachel, Sela
DILLER Isaac, Pinchas, Ettel
DOMB Leib, Chaya, Abisch, Henoch, Lola
DOMB Peshya, Rachel
DORTHEIMER Monica
DYM Gittel (Gisla)
DYM Yehoshea
EIDLER return Shalom-Tzvi, Chava, Menachem, Sara, Yisrael
EISS David
ENGLANDER Reizel
ENGLARD Chaim-Yehuda
ENGLARD Eliezer
ENGLARD Moshe
ENGLARD Pinchas
ENGLARD Rivke
ENGLARD Sara
ETTINGER Eidel, Jochebed, Devora, Tzvi, Sara
ETTINGER Moshe, Malka, Sheindel
FALLEK return Devora, Shmi, Moshe, Sheindel-Golda
FASS Yitzchok, Hey Yud (Hebrew letters)
FEIFER Sela, Yacov, Avraham
FEILER Shimon, Chaya, Leah-Linka
FEIT Berel, Reizel, Shlomo-Zalman, Shmuel-David, Avraham-Hirsch, Sara
FEITSHEVITCH Fraedel, Leah and her family, Shimon, Leah and their family
FEITSSHVITCH Golda, Moshe, and their family, Shimon and his family, Rivke, Baruch, Yitzchok
FEITSHEVITCH Shlomo, Rachel, Yosef-Chaim, Bracha and their families
FEITSHEVITCH Shalom-Tzvi, Sara, and their family
FELL Mordechai, Malka, Hinda
FINK Helena
FINKELSTEIN Naftali, Feiga and their family
FLAMM Herman, Blanka
FLEISCHER Roza
FLUHR Shmuel-Yissacher, Devora-Ita, Yisrael, Yekotiel, Sheindel
FRANK Yitzchok, Dina
FRANKEL Moshe, Perel, Gittel-Ester, Ephraim, Chana
FREI Baruch
GEFFEN return Nachman, Chana
GELDZAHLER Yisrael, Roza. Chava, Yacov
GELENDER Michela, Mendel and their family
GELENDER Moshi, Gittel, Chaya, Rivke, Hirsch-Mordechai and their families
GELENDER Yitzchok-Meier
GINZBERG Avraham, Breindel, Moshe, Notta, Basha
GINZBERG Eliezer, Mali, Serel
GINZBERG Friede
GINZBERG Feiga-Reizel
GLEICH Matzi, Golda, Leibusch and their families
GLEICH Notta and his family, Moshe and his family
GLEICHER Nachum and his family
GOLD Mordechai, Alta-Penina, Mina
GOLDSTEIN Blima
GOTTLIEB Ester, Fula, Tosi, Natan
GOTTLIEB Leah, Berel, Hirsch, Sara, Shmuel
GOTTLIEB Yisrael, Devora
GRANIK Moshe, Keile, Pinchas, Shalom
GRATENBERG David, Breine, Yehuda, Leah
GROMLICK Moshe, Malka
GROMT Shlomo, Levi, Aharon, Yitzchok, Yacov, Yisrael, Moshe, Liba
GROSS Frimta and his family
GROSSINGER Bileh
GROSSINGER Moshe, Roza
GROYER Yisrael-Zev
GRUNS Hirsch, Elimelech, Fraidel, and their families
GURFEIN Avraham, Sara, Yitzchok
GURFEIN Yitzchok, Feiga, Avraham, Golda
GUTMAN Michel, David, Jochebed, Lipe
HERZBERG return Chana, Pinchas, Chaya, Shimon, Avraham
HERZBERG David, Feiga, Devora, Sara, Shmuel, Yisrael, Chaya, Avraham, Shlomo
HERZIG Rivke
HERZIG Yosef, Ester-Mindel, Chava, Ita, Bluma
HIRSCHFELD Yitzchok, Chava, Yifa
HOIZNER Yitzchok
HOROWITZ Leib, Reizel, Yacov, Moshe, Yitzchok
HOROWITZ Menachem
HOROWITZ Ha-Rav Tovie, Yota, Menachem-Mendel, Tzvi, Malka
IMNER return Elimelech
IMNER Yona, Batia, Sender
JARMARK return David, Mordechai, Rachel, Dov, Bilha, Moshe, Avraham
JARMARK Rivke, Tzvi, Shmuel and their families
JONAS Tzvi and his family
JORSCH Yitzchok
KAMPF return Hirsch, Eidel, Shlomo
KANFIL Pessel, Yitzchok, Chana
KASNER Yacov, Miryam, Malka, Aharon
KATZ Chaya, Sara, and their families
KATZ Sara
KAUFLICK Chaya, Aharon
KAUFLICK Sara, Moshe
KAUFLICK Shmuel, Rachel, Shimon
KELTER Chaya, Sheindel, Kalman
KIEHL Shoshana, Menachem-Pinchas, Yehudit
KIFFEL Chana
KIMMEL Alexander, Dorothy, Ernestina, Isabella, Caroline, and their families
KIMMEL Rivke (Regina)
KIRSCHNER Yacov, Yehoshua
KIRSCHNER Zissel, Yacov
KLEIBER
ETTEL Frieda, Rivke, Chaya
KLEIN Ester, Shoshana
KORMER Aharon
KORMER Feiga, David, Jochebed, Mordechai, Fraedel, Meier, Eidel
KORMER Yacov, Golda, Eiezer, Yoel, Mirla
KORNREICH Taube, Menachem, Rivke
KORNREICH Yeshia-Ascher, Zipporah, Chana, Malka
KRELL Yisrael
KROHN Tzvi, Mindel, Sara, Rachel, Mira, Moshe, Shmuel
KROP David, Yacov, Carmella
KROP Ester
KURTZ/KURZ Yisrael, Henia, Bezalel, Beila, Pessel
LANDESMAN return Shmuel, Sara-Frieda, Yehudit, Michel, Rivke
LANDESMAN Yehoshea-Menachem, Sheindel, Ester, Zelda
LANGSAM Sara, Reizel, Meier, Pesach, David
LANTER Elka
LEFFEL Leah, Yosef
LEFFELSTIL Mattel
LEIB (DOZENFELD) Mordechai, Golda, Miryam, Moshe
LEIBER Malka
LEIBER Reuven, Nechama, Malka
LEIF Leah
LEITNER Ita-Malka
LEMBACH Ester, Eliahu, Shimon
LERNER Chava
LERNER Isaac, Nina
LERNER Leib, Chaya, Avraham, Tziva
LERNER Yacov, Chana, Lasche, Yossi
LERNER Yehoshea
LESCHNER/LESHNER Sara
LESER/LESSER/LOESSER Avraham, Ester, Hertz, and their families
LESER/ LESSER/LOESSER Chana, Avraham, Yitzchok, Mani, Meier
LESER/ LESSER/LOESSER Chaya, Necha, Yosef
LESER/ LESSER/LOESSER Yeshiahu-Hertz
LESER/ LESSER/LOESSER Yosef, Sara
LOM Shoshana
MAIER/MEIER/MEYER return Hansi-Feiga, Chana
MAIER/MEIER/MEYER Yitzchok-Arye, Chaya, Ida, Dina, Sara
MANN Shraga-Feivel
MARK Gershon, Hadassah, Ezra, Moshe, Avraham
MAY Chana-Devora, Avraham, Yitzchok-Arye, Yisrael-Nachum
MAY Israel, Menachem, Chaya, Beila, Miryam, Leibusch, Chana, Nachum
MAY Yecheskel-Shraga
MENDEL Lazer, Chana, Menachem
MIESER Yitzchok
MILLER Mendel, Zische, Zebulon, Feiga, Beila
MILLER Moshe, Shmuel
MILLER Moshe-David, Hirsch, Yosef, Zebulon, Mishkit
MILLER Yisrael, Feiga, Penina
MORGENBESSER Yacov, Rachel
MORITZ Aharon, Yisrael, Arye, Bilha, Naftali-Hertz
MORITZ Moshe, Frieda
NEHMER return Yitzchok, Fani
NEISTEIN Shimon
OBERLANDER return Bezalel, Tova, Moshe
OHRENSTEIN Alfred, Isadore, Chaim, Ida, Malka, Ruth, Shmuel, Golda, Lila, Yosef
OHRLING Naftali, Ettel
OLLECH Yosef, Henna, Yenta, Tzvi, Fraedel
OSTERRING Frieda, Seltsi, Rivke, Mendel-Shlomo, Moshe, Yosef
OYLING Hirsch, Yitzchok, and their families
PERELROTH return Sabina, Alfred
PICUS Yisrael
PIEPE Alter-Hirsch, Chana, Shmuel-Zeinvel, Moshe, Ettel
PROPPER Roza, Mishka
RAAB return David, Mindel, Chaya, Yenta, Rivke
RABBACH Monique
RABBACH Yosef, Malka
RACKER Benzion, Vilka
RAND Malka, Chana
RAUCH Natan, David, Ascher
RAUCH Shimon, Henoch, Hinda, Mala
REBHUHN Miryam
REICH Marcus, Natalia, Ernest
REICHENTAL Tzvi
REIN (FENIG) Pinchas, Penina
REINBACH Berish, Ita, Leibusch, Breindel, Rachel, Yitzchok
REIS Yitzchok, Chaya, Malka, Mattel
RICHLER Sara, Dov, Reizel
ROEMER Dr. Shlomo, Regina
ROM Ester
ROSEN Yisrael, Rivke, Yechiel
ROSENFELD Dov, Ita, Avraham-Arye, Yacov-Shlomo, Golda
ROSENFELD Moshe, Yacov-Yosef, Feiga
ROSENFELD Shalom, Moshe
ROSENFELD Shalom, Moshe, Yacov-Yosef
ROSENZWEIG Shaul, Feiga, Finkel, Henia, Eidel, Tzvi, Aharon
ROSNER Avraham-Chaim, Roza
ROSNER Eliezer, Tzivia, Rika
ROSNER Yitzchok, Mina
ROTH Kalman
ROTHERKISCH Yechezkel, Meier
ROTHMAN Malka, Devora, Mina
RUBENFELD Benzion, Sara, Chaya, Rachel, David, Shmuel, Hela, Yitzchok
SALIK return Aharon and his family
SALIK Shalom
SALIK Shalom, Rosalia, Mendel
SCHABES Tzvi, Shprinzta, Abba-Zische
SCHACHNER Chaim
SCHECHTER Moshe
SCHECHTER Yenta, Avraham, Moshe
SCHEINER Devora
SCHERER Libe, Tzippa, Hinda, Gershon, Chaya, Chana, Glikel, Yenta, Shaya-Ascher
SCHLISSELFELD Ester (Bat Eliezer), Blima
SCHLISSELFELD Shimon, Sara, Shmuel, Golda, Gittel (or Golda-Gittel)
SCHLISSELFELD Tzvi, Ester
SCHLISSELFELD Zische, Moshe
SCHNEIDER and the family
SCHNITZLER Moshe, Sara, Yosef, Shmuel, Mendel, Freda, Henia, Yitzchok, Chaim
SCHNITZLER Pinchas, Rivke
SCHORTZ Chaim, Genia
SCHORTZ Yitzchok
SCHREIBER Ita, Moshe (Mondik)
SCHWARTZ Leib, Golda, Gershon, Mendel
SCHWARTZ Mordechai
SCHWEITZER Tzvi, Perel
SCHWEITZER Yola, Denosha
SCHWERD Eliahu-Zosche, Leah, Zissel, Pinchas
SCHWERD Hinda
SCHWERD Meier, Leah
SIEGEL/SEGAL Bluma, Leibusch
SELTZER Hadassah, Moshe, Tzvi, Shmuel
SHMARLOBISKI Menachem, Bilha, Sar, Yosef, Dov
SHMARLOBISKI Yisrael, Yehoshua, Dov, Chana, Chaya, Rivke, Avraham, Gittel, and their families
SIGNER Moshe, Gittel
SOBEL Hirsch, Chaya
SOBEL Yisrael
SOFER Moshe-Wulf, Alta, Chana
SOLOMON Pinchas-Aharon, Tzarna, Feiga-Rachel, Yacov, Arye-Nachum, Bluma, Gittel
SPEIGEL Yona
SPINDLER Chana
SPRINGER Pesach
SPRUNG Eliezer, Pinchas, and his family
STEIFF Bilha
STEINBERG Sprintze
STEINER Devora
STEINMETZ Ester, Herman, Minka
STERN Yacov-Meier, Ita-Leah
STERNBACH Miryam
STERNHEL Aida, Ada, Dr. Leon, Elza, Adolf
STRENGER Chaim
STRENGER Moshe, David
STRENGER Sender
STRENGER Shlomo, Leah
STURM Tuva, Aharon
STURMLAUFER Blima, Sara-Malka, Rachel, Tzvi-Yitzchok, Sheindel and their families
STURMLAUFER Ha-Rav Yehuda, Miryam
TABIZEL return David, Sheindel, Yitzchok, Chaya, Rivke, Tzvi
TEICHER Elimelech, Eliezer, Glikel, Ester, Feiga, Tola
TIGER/TEIGER Chana, Elimelech, Shlomo, Yitzchok, Shimon, Malka, Moshe-Avraham, Leib, Blima, Chana-Roza, Shmuel, Yacov, Tzippora
TISCH Hirsch-Ber, Mala
TODER Menachem, Tamar, Yael, Beila, Tzvi, Yitzchok, Henia
TRACHMAN Chana
TRACHMAN Mina, Chaya
TRACHMAN Tzvi, Rachel, Eliezer
TRANG Moshe-Yosef, Aharon, and their families
TRATNER Rivke, Avraham, Blima
TRAUM Avraham, Miryam, Mindel, Moshe, Sara, Feiga, Ascher-Anschel
TRAUM Yosef, Ita
TRAUNER Chaim, Roza
TURK Yacov
UNGER return Akiva (Maggid of Tehilim)
UNGER Yitzchok, Rivke
UNTERRICHT Roza
WACHTAL return Ascher-Anschel, Sara, Leah
WALD Chana
WALD David, Mina, and their sons
WALD Shmuel, Leah-Perel
WASSERMAN Adela, Shoshana, Benyamin
WEIBERG Mattisyahu, Sara
WEINER Yitzchok, Roza, Avraham-Artur, Eliyahu, Yosef
WEINER Yoel
WEINER Yosef
WEINRYB Mattisyahu, Sara
WEISS Sara
WEISS Yacov, Rivke
WEISSMAN Melech, Perel, Leah, Tzvi, Sara
WENIG/VONEG? Chaim-Tzvi
WENIG/VONEG? Eliezer
WENIG/VONEG? Sara, Yisrael, Yitzchok-Isaac
WERNER Shimon, Malka, and all their family
WILDMAN Miryam
WILK Sara
WILNER Kalman-Shaul, Moshe-Menachem, Mordechai, Chava
WILNER Klara, Miryam, Yeshiahu
WINDNER Mordechai, Chana, Moshe, Yacov, Leah, Batia
WINDNER Yisrael, Rachel, Batia
WIZNER Frieda
WIZNER Tova-Feiga
WROBEL Hirsch
WROBEL Mitlzi,Yisrael
ZEISEL return Rivke
ZELLINGER Shoshana
ZILBER Obediah, Blima
ZILBER Yitzchok
ZILBER Zacariah
ZILBERMAN Avraham, Moshe, Miryam, Zissel, Sara, Eidel
ZILBERMAN Ephraim, Ita, Blima, Ester
ZILBERMAN Tzipporah
ZILBERMAN Yacov, Mendel, Tamar, Eliahu, Meier-Tzvi, Gittel, Natan, Bilha
ZILBERMAN Yitzchok-Isaac, Chana
ZINGER Rachel, Ester-Malka, Taube
ZINGER Zalman
ZUCKERMAN David, Toltsa, Pessel, Elimelech, Chava, Yitzchok, Bluma, Simcha

Note: Carol Sevitt requested to note her relatives who were murdered by the Nazis:

The Fink Family from Sanok: Chaskel, Golda (nee Eisen), Ida, Duvid Leib, Mina, Hinda, Schmeil, Ruchel, Chana, Pinchas and Eli.

From Tyrawa Woloska:  Chaicha Langsam, Tsila Langsam, Calmen Langsam, Sure Gleicher (nee Langsam) & Berel Gleicher and their children Zalman Gleicher, Moniou Gleicher, Ennia Gleicher;   Rivka Langsam (nee Diller), and her children Herschel Langsam & Tsila Langsam (a different Tsila Langsam).

From Lesko: Avrum Josef Langsam & Malka Langsam (nee Rosendeutscher), and their children Zalman Langsam, Rechla Langsam and Lea Langsam, Ronia Langsam and her child Lucia.

 

[Page 322]

My Teachers and Mentors

by Shimon Toder

Translated by Jerrold Landau

I will recall here a few of my teachers left a special impression on me because of some unique trait that they possessed.

 

Reb Lemele Baruch

My first visit to the cheder of Reb Lemele left an indelible impression upon me. It was a fine, clean cheder, completely different from the other cheders in which I had studied until that time. The atmosphere was pervaded by unusual silence. At that time, I did not understand the meaning of that silence. Today I would call it “the silence of nobility” if not the “silence of holiness”. Each student sat in his place, and the discussion among them was conducted in a whisper. Reb Lemele (if my memory serves me correctly, he did not want to be called Rebbe, but I have forgotten what he did want to be called) sat down at the head of the table, opened his Gemara, and told the students the page that he wished to begin. Suddenly, our attention was turned to a small book that lay atop the Rebbe's Gemara, from which he read the verses of the Torah that were relevant to the topic of the Talmud. This little book, or at least in that particular form, was not known to me until then. This was the “Letteris Bible”, which, as I later learned, not every Jew would allow in his home. This Bible was published by

[Page 323]

The British Museum, and was compiled and annotated by Reb Meier HaLevi Letteris, a Jewish scholar during the time of the Haskalah who was not accepted by Orthodox Jews. The rustling of the thin pages that interrupted the silence also added to the unusual atmosphere, for the rustling of the pages of the volumes of the large volumes of Gemara did not resemble the rustling of the pages of that bible.

The connecting of the biblical verse with the topic of the Gemara would take place in every lesson. After many years, whenever I remember this, I compared this with what I have heard from Hassidim who would speak about Rabbi Elimelech of Lizhensk. When he entered his Beis Midrash to teach the daily lesson, he would begin as follows: “My students, you remember the sublime event at Mount Sinai so-and-so many years ago, where the Holy One Blessed Be He himself told us...”, and then he read the verse upon which the Halacha in the Mishna was based. Reb Elimelech did not continue until all of his students answered: “Yes Rebbe, we remember.” Only then did he begin his lesson...

After I left my studies in the cheder, I heard that this Reb Lemele, as the trustee of the “Book Purchase” group of the Sadagora Kloiz, obtained for the Kloiz the set of Mishnas with the “Tiferet Yisrael” commentary of the scholar Rabbi Yisrael Lifschitz. This Gaon was not acceptable to Hassidim due to his “modernism” as expressed by his use of German or vernacular words, his permitting of the carrying of an umbrella on the Sabbath, and other such things. Similarly, Reb Lemele obtained scholarly books such as “Haakeida” and “Ikarim” for the Kloiz.

 

Reb Menashele Melamed (the teacher)

Photo page 323: Reb Menasche Ader
and its synagogue hall

The second personality that remains etched in my memory from my early youth is the bizarre image of Reb Menashele Melamed, who was also called “Menashele the Apikorus” (heretic) (without the title Rebbe). He was a unique type of teacher of the older youths. Of the subjects studied, Bible stood out -- especially the weekly Torah portion with a broad and deep linguistic and grammatical explanation, at times even overly exaggerated. His methodology was to deliberate over a grammatical point and make efforts to explain the non-understandable words of the Torah, of which entire generations did not pay attention to the explanations given by the various melamdim until the generation of the Haskalah arose and began to address the disgrace to the Torah in the name of progressiveness. I remember one of these classes on the Torah portion of Shemini, which speaks about the pure animals and fish. Our Rebbe, Reb Menashele, stood on a chair and removed from the bookshelf three thick books that were similar to the small Balban version of the Talmud. They were bound in black leather, and engraved with Latin letters. They contained all of the names of domestic or wild animals in accordance with various dictionaries, the living domain of the strange beasts, its structure, and the link. I am not sure if even one of the students understood the explanation, and if there is anyone who recalls his explanations today. There is one thing that I knew then: that until I came there, I was able to imitate the garbled explanations of my previous teachers; but now I came out with great confusion, for the animals were transferred from place to place, from one part of the world to another. I also interchanged their image, but their names never penetrated my head. Today, I can state that this style of teaching was not without influence. It did encourage the internal will for research and understanding.

[Page 324]

I recall another personality who influenced my future studies. This was Rabbi Avraham Levine, the son-in-law of Aharon Bergenbaum, who immigrated to America after the First World War and served as a rabbi in one of the communities there. Today he is in Israel. He gave me several private lessons in Talmud, from which I learned the methodology of logical analysis, as opposed to didactics, and influenced my future research methodology. Rabbi Avraham founded and directed the modern cheder in Sanok (see the later article in the section on Houses of Study). He composed and published a special textbook for the study of Judaism in that school, which was a very great innovation in that time. To every lesson, he would bring several printed pages that included sections of the Bible, Mishna, Gemara, and Halacha (especially from Maimonides).

Another personality in the arena of Hebrew education was the Hebrew teacher Hershele Abt, whose home and heart were open to every scholar and student of Hebrew language and literature.

I will also remember my uncle Shmuel Bergenbaum as a personality who was also a “character” in my opinion. He suffered greatly when he served as a soldier during the First World War. After great efforts and bribes, he was transferred to the factory for wagons and train cars in Sanok as an “expert”.

Of course, during the war, he was forced to work on the Sabbath. Right after the war finished, however, he went to the factory directory and informed him that he was prepared to continue on working there only if he would not have to work on the Sabbath. The director, who benefited in no small way from my uncle, agreed to this condition. He was the only Jewish worker who did not work on the Sabbath, despite his responsible job as a warehouse keeper. On the Sabbath, he wore silk clothes and a streimel like one of the Hassidim, for he was indeed an observant Hassidic person according to his behavior and actions. He worshipped and studied in the Sadagora Kloiz, and he often served as the prayer leader, for he had a pleasant voice, and his prayers and singing were enjoyed by the people. When May 1 fell on the Sabbath, my uncle participated in the workers' parade through the streets wearing his streimel, thereby expressing his solidarity with the proletariat...

My Uncle Shmuel was my first Hebrew teacher. Every Sunday, the day of rest at the factory, he would come to our house and give me lessons in Hebrew. Aside from this, I studied Gemara with him every Sabbath afternoon in the Kloiz. The language of instruction was Hebrew.

I will mention another personality here -- Reb Moshele Granik. He was an upright Jew, a scholar and a fearer of Heaven who never engaged in unnecessary conversation. On the Sabbath, he would only speak in Hebrew. His children Chaim and Shalom became attached to Bolshevism, and Chaim escaped to Russia. Before I left Sanok, he sat with his father in the Sukka and engaged in a sharp debate about the righteousness of the regime which came to bring equality to the world, and that there would be no more poor people in the world. I recall this image clearly: A confirmed Bolshevik was sitting in a Sukka with ten Jewish idlers, attempting to convince them to support a regime that said it would give every Jew his worth, and that there would be no more poor people, as they themselves were at that time...

Those who studied in the Beis Midrashes and Kloizes of our city merit special mention and articles. The sounds of Torah never left them in the morning or the evening. However, it is impossible for me not to mention here a group of three people who studied in the Sadagora Kloiz: Shimon Koplik, Chaim Leib Goetzler, and the writer of these lines. We set for ourselves a weekly course of studies that included Talmud, bible, and medieval philosophy. We also delved together into the new literature of those days. I remember that the debate we once had about the meaning and intention of Bialik in his “Scroll of Fire” was no less sharp and open than that of a deep section of Gemara and Halacha.

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