A collection of articles from
the “Hatzfira” and “Mizrachi” newspapers

Translated by Lance Ackerfeld

Prohibition of Jews settlement in the city

Riots

The Jewish weekly “Hatzfira” dedicated in its 12^th edition (18^th of Adar II, 5679) an article “about the forecast” of riots against the Jews in the city of Dabrowa as well, that according to the indications, these were riots that had been organized ahead of time, that they had a political intention, and the intention was apparent and clear: to put down the laborers' strike and the uprising that was seen beforehand, not only by forceful and violent means, not only by shooting, but also by assisting the riots against the Jews. The laborer's strike, which was meant to be a strong protest against the political agenda prevailing in Poland, had been talked about for a long time. However, the authorities made preparations in order to put down the insurgence and especially in the Dabrowa region, in which communist ideology had been spread amongst the laborers, and it seemed that the owners of the unseen hand had succeeded, and riots against Jews took place before, during and after the strike.

The Zionist “Histadrut”

Avremele Lajb Sztorchajn One of the “Mizrachi” founders in Dabrowa

The Zionist movement is very strong and significant amongst the 500 Jewish families settled here. On the 20^th of Tamuz a meeting was held and 2,300 crowns were raised for the Jewish National fund.

On Thursday, the 24^th of Tamuz, a wonderful Herzl dinner was held in the “Odeon” theatre. The hall was appropriately decorated. M. J. Fried from Warsaw appeared as speaker, and enlightened on the spiritual profile of our leader. On the screen there were slides shown from the congress and the settlements in the Land of Israel. The orchestra played some Mendelssohn Bartholdy pieces. The dinner ended with the singing of the “Hatikva” [Israeli national anthem] amongst an incredible spiritual uplifting. As a token of recognition, the “Bet Ha'am” [organization] decided to plant five trees in the Herzl forest in the name of the speaker, Mr. Fried. The “Tzofim” [scouts] planted another three trees in the name of the speaker.

“Histadrut Hamizrachi”

On Wednesday, the 1^st of Tevet, there was a founding meeting for the “Tzirei Mizrachi” [Young “Mizrachi”]. Mr. Chaim Lustiger spoke about the “Mizrachi” concept and also explained to the assembled gathering about the function of the “Tzirei Mizrachi”. After the lecture, a committee was elected in which the following people participated: Szlomo Brandys, Cwi Nusbaum, Chaim Lustiger, Chaim Grajcer and Natan Nusbaum. At the same event a sum of five hundred crowns were collected for the erection of a building in the land of Israel, and the planting of trees in the Herzl forest in the name of our founding member Mr. Chaim Lustiger. Likewise, classes were begun in the themes of bible, Talmud, the Hebrew language and the history of the Jewish people.

The “Tzirei Mizrachi” in our city held a dinner on the 15^th of Shevat. Member, Chaim Lustiger, opened the dinner and members, Chaim Welner (Bedzin), Wajner (Sosnowiec) and Wajnszel lectured in eloquent Hebrew. At the same event a respectable sum of money was collected for the Herzl forest.

It is worth noting, that we thought about holding the dinner in the synagogue, however, the “Shlomi Emunei Israel” organization [The welfare of Jewish beliefs] influenced the community authorities and didn't allow us to carry out what we'd planned.

On the 1^st of Iyar a “Mizrachi” type “cheder” [Jewish school] was opened with two departments. There were about 50 pupils. The curriculum was: Torah, the prophets, Mishnah, the Hebrew language, explanation of prayers and secular studies. There was a supervisory committee in charge of the “cheder” in which the following participated: S. Rabinowicz, J. Friedman, S. Finkelsztajn, J. Welner, A. Waltfrajnd and L. Kochen.

By request of the regional committee in Sosnowiec, on Tuesday we had a general meeting of our organization members on the 16^th of Av, in which participated the Rabbi Gaon Menachem-Mendel Landau, may he live long and merry, from Zabrze, and members of the central committee, Mr. Levi-Icchak Jungster and Mr. Icchaak-Cwi Wajner from Sosnowiec. The hall was completely filled. Mr. Chanoch-Gerszon Szpilberg proposed electing the Rabbi Gaon as the chairman, and members of the presidency, Messrs Levi-Icchak Jungster, Icchak-Cwi Wajner, Jakob-Szalom Fiszel, Jakob Friedman, and secretaries – J. J. Bach and S. Nusbaum. His proposition was accepted with a prolonged applause. The honorable visiting rabbi opened the meeting with a short speech which had a deep and impression on the gathering. Mr. Levi-Ichhak Jungster presented a report on the central committee's activities and encouraged the audience to help the organization in any way they could. His speech was halted several times because of enthusiastic applause. Mr. J. Wajner spoke about the Rabbi Akiva fund. His speech made a great impression on the audience. The chairman suggested a 15 minute break and during this time, another 25 members enrolled. In addition, a respectable sum of money was collected for the “Histadrut” taxes. Mr. Szpilberg presented a report on the activities of the civic committee. Y. Jungster closed the meeting with a short speech and approached the members with a vigorous request that they work with all their power for the “Hamizrachi”. The meeting ended with the singing of “Hatikva”. It was decided to plant a garden in the Herzl forest in the name of the Rabbi Gaon from Zabrize, may he live long and merry.

After a lengthy break in the activities of the KKL [Jewish National Fund] in our city, we returned to work. A five member combined committee was elected, in which two of our members participated. The new committee began working with enthusiasm. The rest of the members also devoted themselves to collecting money during Purim. A total of ten thousand marks were collected for the KKL – this was the sum of money defined by the central committee of the KKL, and it was four times larger than the sum collected in previous years.

After a short break we went back to work. We called a general members meeting, and member, S. Wajnrajch spoke about the function of “Tzirei Mizrachi” during the present period. After this, a permanent new committee presented themselves for elections, and they were organized thus: S. Wajnrajch – chairman, Ch. Grajcer – deputy chairman, Z. Liberman – secretary, C. Nusbaum – treasurer, J. Siwek – the cultural and KKL representative, Naftali Bitner – “Keren Hechalutz” representative and members of the committee: A. C. Wolhendler, S. Brandys, N. Frajman. The new committee immediately began actual work. We are certain, that its function will be satisfactory.

Social and Political Life

In 1933 I arrived in the Borochov “hachshara” training camp in Dabrowa, which was part of the Bedzin region. As a member of “Hechalutz” [The Pioneer movement] I was meant to carry out training in this kibbutz in order to make “aliya” to our country. When I came to the kibbutz I certainly didn't consider that I would live there for five years, or as time went by I would be a citizen of the city and I would be familiar with its Jewish residents, its public institutions and its social life. As a boy from Ostrów, a small Jewish center, I reached Dabrowa, the industrial city with a proletariat laborers facade and a small Jewish minority within it. Everything was new for me: a new reality, a new social world, a lifestyle in the kibbutz and a daily struggle for survival.

I arrived in the kibbutz when it was located in 3 Krótka Street in Krzywinski's house (in eight rooms). He was clearly a drunk whose sober hours were few but he regularly remembered to set the apartment rent. To his credit it can be said that he respected us very much and when he wanted to, he would have quite a few discussions with us on world spanning subjects.

Krótka Street, as his name implies: Krótka – truly short. One end met with the main 3^rd of May Street, and the other end met with Kosciuszko Street. It was a side street, typical in that in the middle of it there was a building that stood on ground ruptured from one of the mine collapses that frequently occurred in the city. Tenants that had some self respect tended not to live in this building, but its redemption came when the various pioneering youth movements established their branches there and amongst them the training Kibbutz. At the center of the building was a large “Hashomer Hatzair” [“Young Guard”] center, where parades, activities and meetings were carried out and not only in the building's rooms, but also in the center of the courtyard. In the rooms nearby there were branch offices of “Hechalutz”, “Freiheit” and “Poalei Zion”. The public character of the building was even more prominent and became an active Zionist center and the kibbutz also became part of it.

During this period the kibbutz had 60-70 members and amongst them, a large number of women. In contrast to other training centers, the Dabrowa division was well established from a financial viewpoint. It existed from work in the factories, in the sawmill and wood yard and so on.

“hachshara” in the sawmill in Dabrowa

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The main work place was the Klajn Brothers factory. This factory was famous for its metal products and its large capacity, and amongst the many Polish laborers it employed there were a few local Jews, mainly in managerial positions. The appearance of Jewish workers in simple jobs was a subject of discussion amongst the Polish laborers. The quality of these [Jewish] laborers was soon noted, and thus a close friendship evolved that later manifested itself in political activities. The Jewish managers, the Klajn brothers, should also be fondly remembered, they knew how to appreciate the labor of their laborers, and the shift managers and engineers noticed this and acted accordingly – including Bialski, Fajtman, Arbesman, Lesko, the Krzeszfeld brothers and many others whose names have slipped my memory.

The Polish laborers knew very well how to value our status in the factory, although we were Jews they understood that as laborers we had crossed the national barrier, and the social status overcame everything. This approach developed even more when they saw for themselves our political activities and our participation in workers' demonstrations. Our worth was boosted in such that we were full participants in a strike that broke out in the factory within the background of wage claims and we expressed our solidarity with the general worker population. It seems to me that we also achieved recognition amongst the factory owners who saw us as conscientious workers striving together with our Polish worker colleagues.

As noted, this factory was one of the central work places, however, thanks to the Jewish-Zionist public activists in the city, we attained additional work places that also recognized our abilities. In the beginning when the kibbutz was founded, there was a sponsor who took care of finding work places, but after we were established this sponsorship ceased after seeing our solid economic status, in contrast to the neighboring groups in Zabkowice and Bedzin that struggled rigorously for their existence.

As members of the “Hechalutz”, “Freiheit” and “Poalei Zion” movements we saw ourselves, even though we were in the training camp, obliged to continue activities in spite of us being only temporary in the city. We regularly participated in KKL [Jewish National Fund] activities on “Flower Day” and various other missions or in traditional projects. We regularly participated in the “League for a Working Israel”, that assembled within it the prime of the youth from the pioneering youth movements in the city. The very fact that the kibbutz was located close to the youth movements in Krzywinski's house formed a social center that interrelated well with the public life in the city; its members were prominent in all activities and social and personal relationships were formed between the members of the movements and the kibbutz people.

The social life of the kibbutz took place within a closed circle, but with this the members of the youth movements participated in every event, festival and party that was held in this house. On Shabbat evenings and festivals and even during the week the kibbutz served as a meeting place for the youth in general. Singing and dancing emerged till the late hours with everyone joining into a combined “hora” [Israeli dance]. During Lag B'Omer the kibbutz took part in movement parades that took place outside the city, in the expanse of fields in Zielona.

The first “hachshara” group in Klosow from “Freiheit”

Since we were laborers and members of the “hachshara” we attained a worker's awareness, and thus reached that conclusion that we should be active in the political and public life of the city. I don't need to describe to former Dabrowa residents the worker's character of the city and the class unrest that existed during those years. The political climate also influenced us to participate in all sorts of political activities. Since we were close to the P.P.S. [The Polish Socialist Party “Polska Partia Socjalistyczna”] we took full part in their demonstrations. We appeared with our flag on which words in Hebrew were embroidered. We were proud that we were prominent in our Jewish national participation.


[Page 184]


However, as the leftist tendencies grew within the P.P.S., and because of resistance to our Zionist outlook, a move was made to prevent us participating in the 1st of May demonstrations. We could not accept this and as the demonstration went past us, a large scuffle broke out and even the police were unable to quell it. They weren't able to expel us from the demonstration and hence we marched, singing and with our Zionist Socialist flag held high.

In 1936 the anti-Semitic tendencies in the Polish public grew; the “Endecja” [ND – “Narodowa Demokracja” – “National Democratic Party”] raised its head and with the aid of the Left at the head of which was P.P.S., they lost their control over the masses (the Przytyk affair should be noted from this period as a tragic milestone in the path of Polish Jewry). A solidarity protest took place in Dabrowa over the injuries caused by the Przytyk affair, as Polish and Jewish laborers marched together and protested jointly again the anti-Semitic poison that had spread amongst the public. We received beatings from the police, were arrested and they held us for several days of investigation and were later sentenced. The punishment we received was not severe, however, with this we felt that we had taken a step towards our national political recognition together with the Polish laborers of the city. There were other organized demonstrations, in independent combined protests with leftist entities in the city. However the kibbutz received a pelting of stones and windows were smashed. There were places that Jews could not walk through and there was mortal risk in those who happened to be in those locations. The P.P.S., together with the communists organized units to protect Jewish lives. On Shabbat the Jews of the city did not dare risk leaving their homes. We, together with members of the youth movements, united together in a combined defense unit, and these patrols indicated to the rabble-rousers that there had to be order in the city and the lives of individuals would not be forsaken. From then on the injuries ceased and the “powers of darkness” were frightened of meeting up with these self-defense units.

Our full integration in public life of the city contributed to such that we were virtually recognized as citizens and as boys from the city. We had personal relationships with residents of the two main neighborhoods of the city: Huta Bankowa and Reden. I personally had contacts with the residents, many of which amongst whom are no longer alive and never made it here [Israel]. I will mention some of the friends who disappeared and who I still remember: the diverse Wajssalc family, Bluma Lemkowicz, Dawid Kozuch, Cwi Najfeld, Alter Moneta and many others who were my friends. However, together with this I will mention several names of friends that I managed to meet in Israel or I heard about them, those with whom I was once close and even worked together: first and foremost is Mordechai Rozenblum, a KKL representative, who was active and also encouraged many others to be active, the Lemkowicz (Lavi) brothers, Isser and Lajbl, Cwi Frajlich, Cwi Kozuch, the Balicki bothers, Tuwia and Szmul, Kuba Goldberg and many, many others who didn't manage to reach and be absorbed in our country after the Holocaust.

At the end of 1937, I left Dabrowa after five and a half years of training in this city to prepare myself for “aliya” to our country.

Today, after all that we've been through in the Diaspora and in Israel and after more than 30 years, I still recall the Dabrowa experience and I relive it with the same thrill that accompanied me during the period that I was in the “hachshara”.

Institutions

The settlement and development in Dabrowa, was accompanied by a bitter struggle to hold on to by any method, some means of survival. What could the Jews hold on to if not to trade, business, renting and supply, when more productive means of survival were banned to them? These were indeed borderline and non-productive financial means, but quite vital in order to create a city over the swamplands.

Dabrowa Górnicza began its development as a small and isolated village. The Jews on entering it transferred it to a vibrant and lively place from a financial aspect. It should not be assumed that the French and Belgian banks could, with large investments, carry out the development of the mines, if a trade of living requirements hadn't existed that was supplied by the Jewish merchants to the public working in the factories and mines. More than once there were complaints to the governors that one had to walk to nearby Bedzin to get hold of consumer goods after a difficult and exhausting work day.

Commerce began with the dawn of the city's existence in the location of inns and small traders near the factories. Later on stalls were setup in the local market which took place twice a week. Commerce developed very slowly: a butcher was opened, grocery stores, clothing and metal requirements. Following them came the small tradesmen: Watchmakers, tailors, jewelers, bakers and bookmakers, all of them supplied the basic needs of the population.

The Jew developed the commerce and lived frugally. He carried supply baskets on his back, at minimum profit, from the shopping centers or to his store or stand. The Jewish peddler traveled days and nights on his wagon to villages in the region, in order to buy agricultural produce, in order to sell them to the mine workers. Thus the Jewish merchant provided a productive service towards the development of the city.

As time changed and with the expansion of the railway network and motorized transport, the approach of the Jewish merchant also changed. Large sized stores opened up, with show-windows, and goods were supplied continuously over the whole day, and there was no longer a need to wait for market day in order to obtain them.

For the most part the trade took place by credit, from the beginning of the month to the beginning of the next. The Jew worried that there would be a stoppage in the continuity of work in the factories. When he woke up in the morning he would look out at the smoke spewing chimneys, a confirmed sign that the factory was “breathing” and the laborer buying in his shop by credit would pay his debt. More than once the Jewish merchant was destitute because of a strike, dismissals or a stoppage of work in the factory.

Trade by credit forced the Jewish merchants in the city to find sources of finance and credit that would allow him to carry out continuous trade. To this end, Jewish banks were founded like the Spóldzielczy Bank, the Ludowy Bank, the Kredytowy and Kopicki Bank, and loan funds for the tradesmen for buying raw material and so on.

The small shopkeepers no longer needed to traipse over to the wholesalers in Bedzin or Sosnowiec, since they could obtain everything from the wholesaler in Dabrowa. With time the Jewish merchant became a significant entity, not only in light trade. He also infiltrated the factories and became a raw material supplier and subcontractor for carrying out small scale jobs.

When the professional labor union was founded on behalf of the P.P.S. [The Polish Socialist Party (Polska Partia Socjalistyczna)], Polish cooperatives were established for supplying goods. They did not serve as competition, since they were located in regions that the Jewish merchant didn't get to anyway.

Perusing through the telephone book that was published in1925 by the post office, we are provided with informative material as to what the status of the Jewish merchant had become, and how deeply rooted he was as part of the financial body of the city. Today a trade telephone is a regular and routine matter, however years ago it was regarded as a Polish measure of affluence. Still this does not mean that only the owners of telephones were involved in a range of commerce, the small shopkeepers, as well, sought to trade and make a livelihood.

We will examine the telephone owners who are no longer with us, in order for us to realize how vibrant and vital our community was.

1. Kredytowy Bank, 17 Sobieskiego, telephone 269. Run by: Eliezer Tenenbaum z”l, Itche Strochajn z”l and Jakob Fridman z”l.
2. Spóldzielczy Bank, 25 Zeremskiego, telephone 234. Tradesmen bank run by the activist Mr. Dawid Grinbaum z”l, who was a long time Zionist and one of the city's leaders.
3. Nachman Bajtner z”l, 37 Królowy Jadwigi, telephone 205. Owner of metal products shop.

4. Herszl Bornstajn z”l, 41 Kosciuszki, telephone 164. Scrap and metal dealer.
5. “Boks”, a tannery in “Dzelona”, telephone 114. Run by Piepsz and Zalman Binem.
6. Josef Bokowski, 35 Narutowicza, telephone 325. Coal dealer from the mines in the area.
7. Jechiel Domb, telephone 221. A city leader on behalf the General Zionists, a wholesale flour merchant.
8. The Klajn Brothers, 72 Szopena, telephone 91. A steel manufacturing factory for nails, springs and wires. Amongst the many Jewish workers were members of the “Borochov” kibbutz that was then located in Dabrowa, as well as members of “Hashomer Hatzair”, before they made “aliya” to our country. The products were distributed all over Poland and also sent to Israel.
9. Israel Edelist, 6 Wiejska, telephone 207. A wholesale merchant of flour and groceries.
10. Abram Ajzenman, 5 Kosciuszki, telephone 287. Scrap metal merchant.
11. Abram Feder, 24 Kosciuszki, telephone 70. Coal dealer from the mines in the area.
12. Jechiel Karol Ferencz, 41 Jadwigi, telephone 314. Wooden planks and sheets store.
13. Ferenc Nusbaum, 15 Kosciuszki, telephone 294. Wooden planks and sheets store.
14. Berl Fuks, 31 Sienkiewicza, telephone 119. Supplier and contactor of metal sheets in “Huta Bankowa”: With his assistance the great synagogue in the city was founded.
15. Lipka Futerko, 8 Sobieskiego, telephone 113. Flour merchant, son of Reb Eliezer Alter Futerko.
16. Fajwel Gelcer , “Warsel” cake shop, 1 Okrzei, telephone 295.
17. Sara Glikson, 35 Roza Okrzei, telephone 278. Dentist.
18. Herszl Glozerman, 6 Sobieskiego, telephone 186. The first wholesale grocery store in the city.
19. “Kehila” [community] committee, 17 Sobieskiego, telephone 132.
20. Sz. Goldstajn, 32 Labedzka, telephone 219. Alcoholic drinks store.
21. Chaim Grajcer, 1 Okrzei, telephone 144. Coal and mortar marketing office. One of the Holocaust survivors. Settled in Israel, grandson of Mosze Micenmacher z”l, who was amongst the builders of the first synagogue.
22. Mendel Grajcer, 25 Szopena, telephone 187. Amongst the “Gur” Chassidim and a cantor. A friend of Mosze Micenmacher. A long running bakery with many clients.
23. Dawid Grinbaum, 35 Okrzei, telephone 211. Manager of the Spóldzielczy Bank. Did a great deal for the tradesmen. A community leader in the city.
24. Nachman Gutman, 54 Krolowy Jadwigi, telephone 92. A timber supplier for the coal mines. Affiliated with the coal mines of the region. A wealthy Jew, a generous donator to all the institutions and all who turned to him. He was chairman of the patrons of “Hashomer Hatzair” [“Young Guard” movement] and even head of the “Keren Hayesod” [“National Fund”]. A member of the General Zionists administration. Dr. Nusblat, Dr. Herzl's biographer, was his father-in-law.
25. Szlomo Halpern, 28 Krolowy Jadwigi, telephone 224. A store selling various types of timber for industry and handicrafts. A learned man who was active in the Zionist movement.
26. Abram Honigsztajn, 44 Szopena, telephone 203. A renowned bakery in the city called “Bagetle”.
27. Berl Korik, 24 3^rd of May, telephone 178. Certificated tailor with many customers in the city.
28. “Karol” coal retailer. The office: 8 Sobieskiego, telephone 66; Owned by Reb Chanoch Rechnic z”l
29. Jakob Klajman, 14 Krotka, telephone 209.
30. Szlomo Krawinski, 31 Limanowskiego, telephone 101. Merchant.
31. Abram Lajtner, 3 Pilsudskiego, telephone 63. Sheet metal supplier for the mines in the region, and a fabric factory.
32. Bernard Lajtner, 11 Sobieskiego, telephone 82. Tinsmith.
33. Herszl Liberman, 22 Krolowy Jadwigi, telephone 153. Alcoholic drinks merchant. Was a community leader in the city.
34. Majer Liberman, 25 Kosciuszki, telephone 257. Animal fodder store.
35. “Maksimilian”, mining office: 34 Kosciuszki, telephone 282. Owned by Reb Chanoch Rechnic z”l.
36. Szmul Milchman, 11 Sobieskiego, telephone 272. Store for watches and gold articles.
37. Mordechaj-Lajb Miodownik, 101 Legionow, telephone 267; Long-running bakery with many customers in the region. A community leader, head of the community committee, a Radomsk Chassid, an imposing figure and a cantor. Owner of the first mechanized bakery in the city.
38. Zelig Miodownik, 28 Wesola, telephone 176; A bakery which supplied bread to the city's residents.

39. Dr. Szmul Mittlman, 3^rd of May, telephone 182. A well-known general practitioner in the city. Son of Mosze Mitelman who was renown in the city by Holocaust survivors as a community leader and a medic. Settled in Israel and worked as a doctor in the “Kupat Cholim” health fund. Died in Israel.
40. Szmul Moneta, 29 Sobieskiego, telephone 103. A store supplying all sorts of medical and cosmetic requirements.
41. Jakob-Dawid Nusbaum, 12 Sobieskiego, telephone 246. Timber warehouse.
42. “Oginewo”, 3 Legionow, telephone 228. A steel foundry owned by Reb Chanoch Rechnic z”l.
43. Mordechaj Parasol, Krolowy Jadwigi, telephone 242. Dealt with kerosene.
44. Dawid Pradelski, 20 Szopena, telephone 96. Merchant.
45. Dawid-Josef Prajzerowicz, 20 Sama, telephone 96. Merchant.
46. Bernard Rechnic, 34 Kosciuszki, telephone 256. Was an owner in a coal mine and the screw making industry.
47. Mosze-Dawid Rajchman, 12 Wesender Sama, telephone 190, In their courtyard was the “Mizrachi” school and “Hashomer Hatzair” center. An office for the wholesale retail of coal.
48. Szalom Rozenberg, 31 Limanowskiego, telephone 234.
49. Jakob Rozenberg and sons, 15 Sobieskiego, telephone 293. A wholesale sugar store.
50. Aba Rozenech, 21 Krolowy Jadwigi, telephone 231. Flour merchant.
51. Josef Rozenblum, 32 Krolowy Jadwigi, telephone 193. Coal merchant.
52. Mordechaj Rozenblum, 38 Krolowy Jadwigi, telephone 216. Sale of fodder and straw. He was a representative of KKL [Jewish National Fund] A Holocaust survivor. Living in Israel.
53. Szymon Rudelnik, Zagorze, telephone 276. Tailor.
54. Josef Siwek, 7 Lukasinskiegio, telephone 1. Scrap metal trader, owner of a plot that was converted into a vegetable patch worked by the first pioneers in the city.
55. Solidenszac, 11 Sobieskiego, telephone 233. Owned by Jakob Fridman and Icze Sztorchajn. Wholesale grocery items.
56. Jakob Szternik, 11 Sobieskiego, telephone 172. Famous dentist in the city.
57. Lajbl Strzegowski, 29 Krolowy Jadwigi, telephone 184. A tar and fabric factory. He was chairman of the Jewish community committee. An “Agudat Yisrael” activist and a member of the city council.
58. Lajbl Szpigelman, 6 Krotka, telephone 31. Wholesale flour merchant.
59. Fiszl Szapira, 9 Kopernika, telephone 230. Scrap metal store.
60. A woodcutting factory owned by Magerkiewiecz, 10 Willowa, telephone 112. Jews as well as members of the “Kibbutz Borochov” training camp.
61. Maks Terper, 25 Kosciuszki, telephone 115. Contained an accounts and tax advisory office.
62. [no entry]
63. Mendl Wajnsztajn, 28 Szopena, telephone 48. Supplier of timber to coal mines. The first “Yesod Hatorah” school was in his house.
64. Ester Wajnryb, 17 Sobieskiego, telephone 329. Store for the sale of cloth and furs. A righteous woman, a philanthropist, worked dedicatedly in the “Halbashat Kala” [“bride dressing”] organization.
65. Szymon Wajszalc, 1 Sienkiewicza, telephone 298. They were active [members] in Zionist organizations. A gifted tailor with many customers.
66. Berek Wajsbrot, 3 Sienkiewicza, telephone 218. Grocery wholesaler.
67. Dawid Wajnryb, 17 Sobieskiego, telephone 143. Printing house.
68. Mosze-Hersz Weksler, 34 Lukasinskiegio, telephone 117. Flour goods merchant.
69. Israel Welner, 9 3^rd May, telephone 259. A flour merchant.
70. Szmul Zionc, 34 Lukasinskiegio, telephone 147. Alcoholic drinks store.
71. Icchak Zajdband, 8 Sobieskiego, telephone 231. Flour merchant.
72. Mosze Zaks, Zagorze, telephone 271. Grocery store.
73. Szlomo Zilberfrajnd, 22 Krolowy Jadwigi, telephone 263. Flour goods merchants.
74. Israel Zilberszac, 15 Sobieskiego, telephone 3. Metal products warehouse and supplier for local industry. General Zionist.

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