International Association of Jewish Genealogical Societies - Cemetery Project

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UKRAINE


ZABOKRITCH:
Cemetery exists but no Jews are left in town. Headstones unreadable because they were cement. Source: Charles Lapkoff, Ottowa Canada; Al315@freenet.carleton.CA[03-28-2000]

ZABOLOTIV: (Ukraine) see Zabolotov

ZABOLOTOV I:     US Commission No. UA08240101
Alternate name: Zablatov, Zablotov (Yiddish), Zablotow, Zablotuv (German), Zablutov (Hungarian) and Zabolotiv (Ukraine). Zabolotov is located in Ivano-Frankovskaya at 48º28 25º18, 50 km from Chernovtsy, 70 km from Ivano-Frankovsk and 20 km from Snyatin. Present town population is 5,001-25,000 with fewer than 10 Jews.      The earliest known Jewish community was 17th century. 1939 Jewish population (census) was 1454. Effecting the Jewish Community were 1867 Jews received all rights of Austro-Hungary, 1890-1900 emigration to USA. Buried in the cemetery is son of Alter rabbi with last known Jewish burial was 1930. Jewish community was Sadgorskaya, Vizhnitskaya Hasidic. No other towns or villages used this unlandmarked cemetery. The urban flat land, separate but near other cemeteries, has no sign or marker. Reached by turning directly off a public road, access is open to all. No wall, fence, or gate surrounds the cemetery. 501 to 5000 stones, most in original location with 25%-50% toppled or broken, date from 18th to 20th century. Locations of any removed stones are unknown. Some tombstones have traces of painting on their surfaces. The cemetery contains marked mass graves. Municipality owns property used for agriculture (crops or animal grazing). Properties adjacent are residential. The cemetery boundaries are smaller now than 1939 because of housing development. Occasionally, Jewish or non-Jewish private visitors and local residents visit. The cemetery was vandalized during World War II and occasionally in the last ten years. There is no maintenance. Within the limits of the cemetery are no structures. Vegetation overgrowth is a seasonal problem, preventing access. Water drainage at the cemetery is a seasonal problem. Serious threat: uncontrolled access (leads to destruction of tombstones), vandalism (destruction of tombstones) and existing nearby development (The widening farmland threatens to cut into cemetery.) Moderate threat: pollution, vegetation and proposed nearby development. Slight threat: weather erosion.
     Hodorkovskiy Yuriy Isaakovich of Kiev, Vozduhoflotskiy Prosp. 37A, Apt. 23 [Phone: (044) 2769505] visited site on 19/09/1996. Interviewed was Lukavetskiy Aleksandr Yaroslavovich [Phone: (03476) 21505] on 20/09/1996. Hodorkovskiy completed survey on 04/10/1996. Documentation: Jewish Encyclopaedia; Encyclopaedia Judaica; Balaban M. Jewish Historical Memorials in Polska, Jewish Starina, 1909, #1; Support Plan of town.
ZABOLOTOV II:     US Commission No. UA08240501
The mass grave is located at S, Homovo Mountain.      The earliest known Jewish community was 17th century. 1939 Jewish population (census) was 1454. Effecting the Jewish Community were 1867 when Jews received all rights of Austro-Hungary and 1890-1900 Jewish emigration to USA. The Jewish mass grave was dug in 1941 with last known Sadgorskaya, Vizhnitskaya Hasidic burial 1942. Jews from no other towns or villages were murdered at this unlandmarked mass grave. The isolated suburban crown of a hill has signs or plaques in local language mentioning the Holocaust. Reached by turning directly off a public road, access is open to all. No wall, fence, or gate surrounds the mass grave. 1 to 20 common tombstones, all in original location with none toppled or broken, date from 1957. No stones were removed. The site contains marked mass graves. The municipality owns property used for mass burial site. Properties adjacent are agricultural. The mass grave boundaries are larger now than 1939. Occasionally, organized individual tours and Jewish or non-Jewish private visitors stop. This mass grave was not vandalized. Local/municipal authorities did re-erection of stones and cleared vegetation in 1957. Now, occasionally authorities clear or clean. Moderate threat: weather erosion and vegetation. Slight threat: uncontrolled access, pollution and vandalism.
     Hodorkovskiy Yuriy Isaakovich of Kiev, Vozduhoflotskiy Prosp. 37A, Apt. 23 [Phone: (044) 2769505] visited site on 19/09/1996. Interviewed was Lukavetskiy Aleksandr Yaroslavivich [Phone: (03476) 21505] on 20/09/1996. Hodorkovskiy completed survey on 04/10/1996. Documentation: Jewish Encyclopaedia; Encyclopaedia Judaica; Shulmeyster Y.A.; Hitlerism in Jewish History. Kiev. 1990; Passport of History and Culture Memorial.
      http://home.adelphia.net/~rschechter/zab90-05.htm has Photos
      http://home.adelphia.net/~rschechter/zaboloto.htm Shtetl site
      http://home.adelphia.net/~rschechter/cem01.htm has surveys which we do not have. [October 2002] ZABLOTOW, ZABLOTUV: (German) see Zabolotov
ZABLUTOV: (Hungarian) see Zabolotov
ZABOLOTIV: (Ukraine) see Zabolotov
ZDANISHKOVKA: see VOLOCHYSK

v. ZAGNITKOV I:     US Commission No. UA15140501
v. Zagnitkov is located in Odesskaya at 29º0 46º_, 48 km from Kodyma and 270 km from Odessa. The mass grave is located at W on road to Rashkov. Present town population is 1,000-5,000 with no Jews.      The earliest known Jewish community was end of 18th century. 1939 Jewish population (census) was 150. Effecting the Jewish Community was 1918-1920 pogroms. The Jewish mass grave was dug in 1941. Jews from no other towns or villages were murdered at this unlandmarked mass grave. The suburban agricultural hillside has signs or plaques in local language mentioning the Holocaust. Reached by village road, access is open to all. No wall, fence, or gate surrounds the mass grave. The approximate size of mass grave is now 0.01 hectares. No stones were removed. The common tombstones date from 1941. The site contains marked mass graves. The municipality owns property used for mass burial site. Properties adjacent are agricultural. Rarely, local residents visit. The mass grave was vandalized during World War II. Now, occasionally authorities clear or clean. Vegetation overgrowth is a seasonal problem, preventing access. Moderate threat: uncontrolled access, pollution and vegetation. Slight threat: weather erosion, vandalism and existing nearby development.
     Oks Vladimir Moiseevich of 270065, Odessa, Varnenskaya St. 17D, Apt. 52 [Phone: (0482) 665950] visited site on 10/2/94 and 12/5/92. Interviewed was Fishman N.P. on 10/2/94. Oks completed survey on 02/18/1994. Other documentation was inaccessible.
v. ZAGNITKOV II:     US Commission No. UA15140101
The cemetery is located at road to Rashkov.
     The earliest known Jewish community was 1810. 1940 Jewish population (census) was 300. Effecting the Jewish Community was 1919 and1920 pogroms. The Jewish cemetery was established in 1840 with last known Hasidic burial 1941. No other towns or villages used this unlandmarked cemetery. The isolated suburban agricultural hillside has no sign or marker. Reached by turning directly off a public road, access is open to all. No wall, fence, or gate surrounds the cemetery. No stones are visible. Locations of any removed stones are unknown. The cemetery contains no known mass graves. Municipality owns property used for agriculture (crops or animal grazing). Properties adjacent are agricultural and residential. The cemetery boundaries have not changed since 1939. Rarely, local residents visit. The cemetery was vandalized during World War II. There is no maintenance. Within the limits of the cemetery are no structures. Water drainage at the cemetery is a seasonal problem. Very serious threat: uncontrolled access and vandalism. Moderate threat: weather erosion, pollution, vegetation, and existing and proposed nearby development.
     Oks Vladimir Moiseevich of 270065, Odessa, Varnenskaya St. 17D, Apt. 52 [Phone: (0482) 665950] visited site and completed survey on 10/7/94. Interviewed on 10/7/94 were Slepoy B.I. and Shrayberg G.M. of Kodyma. Other documentation was inaccessible.

ZAMCHISKO: see Raigorodok
ZAPOEOZE: (German and Yiddish) see Zaporozhye
ZAPORIZHIA: (German) see Zaporozhye
ZAPOROZE: (Hungarian and Polish) see Zaporozhye
ZAPOROZHE: (Hungarian and Polish) see Zaporozhye
ZAPOROZHIA: (Czech and Hungarian) see Zaporozhye

ZAPOROZHYE I:     US Commission No. UA07010101
Alternate name: Zapoeoze (Yiddish), Zaporizhia (German), Zaporozhe (Hungarian), Zaporoze (Polish), Aleksandrovsk (Ukraine) and Alexandrovsk (Hebrew). Zaporozhye is located in Zaporozhskaya at 47º49 35º11, 75 km from Dnepropetrovsk. The cemetery is located 26 Kvartal St. Present town population is over 100,000 with over 10,000 Jews.      The earliest known Jewish community was 1770. 1939 Jewish population (census) was 11319. Effecting the Jewish Community were 1941-1942 genocide and 1905 pogrom. The Jewish cemetery was established in 1903 with last known Hasidic burial 1930. No other towns or villages used this unlandmarked cemetery. The isolated urban hillside has no sign or marker. Reached by turning directly off a public road, access is open to all. No wall, fence, or gate surrounds the cemetery. 1 to 20 common tombstones none in original location with more than 75% toppled or broken, date from 1930. Locations of any removed stones are unknown. The cemetery contains no known mass graves. Municipality owns property used for residential. Properties adjacent are residential. The cemetery boundaries are smaller now than 1939 because of housing development. Rarely, local residents visit. The cemetery was vandalized frequently in the last ten years. There is no maintenance. Within the limits of the cemetery are no structures. Vegetation overgrowth is a seasonal problem, preventing access. Water drainage at the cemetery is a seasonal problem. Very serious threat: uncontrolled access, pollution, vandalism, and existing and proposed nearby development. Moderate threat: weather erosion and vegetation.
     Shevelev Mark Petrovich of 330000, Zaporozhye, Central Bulvar 25, Apt. 54 [Phone: (0612) 396982] visited site on 6/15/94. Interviewed on 6/15/94 were Tishchenko Andrey Dmitrievich of Zaporozhye, 26 Kvartal St. #30 and Kaptyukh Viktor Yakovlevich of Zaporozhye, Inzhenernaya St. 1, Apt. 4. Shevelev completed survey on 06/25/1994.
ZAPOROZHYE II:     US Commission No. UA07010501
     The mass grave is located at park near Dvorec of Kulture im. Shevchenko. Living here were writer Yan Vinetskiy and Emiliy Mindlin. The Hasidic mass grave was dug in 1941. Jews from no other towns or villages were murdered at this unlandmarked mass grave. The urban flat land has no sign or marker. Reached by city street, access is open to all. No wall or fence surrounds the mass grave. The approximate size of mass grave is now 0.01 hectares. The oldest known gravestone dates from 20th century. The site contains marked mass graves. The municipality owns site. Properties adjacent are park. Occasionally, local residents visit. This mass grave was not vandalized. Now, occasionally authorities clear or clean. No threats.
     Shevelev Mark Petrovich of 330000, Zaporozhye, Central Bulvar 25, Apt. 54 [Phone: (0612) 396982] visited site and completed survey on 1/6/95. No interviews were conducted.
ZAPOROZHYE III:     US Commission No. UA07010502
     The mass grave is located at Ochacovskaya St. The Conservative Jewish mass grave was dug in 1941. Jews from no other towns or villages were murdered at this unlandmarked mass grave. The urban hillside has no sign or marker. Reached by city street, access is open with permission. No wall, fence, or gate surrounds the mass grave. The approximate size of mass grave is now 0.01 hectares. No stones were removed. Stones date from 20th century. The site contains marked mass graves. The municipality owns property used for mass burial site. Properties adjacent are "dachi." [sic] Occasionally, organized individual tours, Jewish or non-Jewish private visitors and local residents visit. This mass grave was not vandalized. Occasionally, individuals clean or clear. Very serious threat: existing nearby development. Shevelev Mark Petrovich of 330000, Zaporozhye, Central Bulvar 25, Apt. 54 [Phone: (0612) 396982] visited site and completed survey on 1/6/95. No interviews were conducted for this survey.
ZAPOROZHYE IV:     US Commission No. UA07010503
The mass grave is located at Voznesenskiy spusk. Living here was Scientist of the 1st Syn. [sic] Gersh Zlatin. The Conservative Jewish mass grave was dug in 1941 with last known Jewish burial 1943. Jews from no other towns or villages were murdered at this unlandmarked mass grave. The urban site by water has no sign or marker. Reached by turning directly off a public road and crossing other public propertym access is open to all. No wall, fence, or gate surrounds the mass grave. No stones are visible. No stones were removed. The oldest known gravestone dates from 20th century. The site contains unmarked mass graves. The municipality owns property used for mass burial site. Properties adjacent are green zone. Rarely, local residents visit. This mass grave was not vandalized. There is no maintenance. No threats.
     Shevelev Mark Petrovich of 330000, Zaporozhye, Central Bulvar 25, Apt. 54 [Phone: (0612) 396982] visited site and completed survey on 1/20/95. No interviews were conducted.

ZAPOROZIA: (Czech) see Zaporozhye

v. ZARICHANKA:     US Commission No. UA22130101
Alternate name: Lyantsgorund (to 1947) (Polish). v. Zarichanka is located in Khmelnitskaya at 49º_ 25º0, 100 km from Chernovtsy and 25 km from Kamenets-Podolskiy. The cemetery is located at W. Present town population is 1,000-5,000 with no Jews.      The earliest known Jewish community was 17th century. 1926 Jewish population (census) was 1430. Effecting the Jewish Community were 1918-1920 Civil War Pogroms. The last known Hasidicburial was 1941. No other towns or villages used this unlandmarked cemetery. The isolated suburban hillside has no sign or marker. Reached by village road, access is open to all. No wall, fence, or gate surrounds cemetery. 101 to 500 stones, most in original location with less than 25% toppled or broken, date from 1860. Locations of any removed stones are unknown. Some tombstones have traces of painting on their surfaces and/or other metallic elements. The cemetery contains no known mass graves. Municipality owns property used for Jewish cemetery only. Properties adjacent are agricultural. The cemetery boundaries are unchanged since 1939. Rarely, local residents visit. The cemetery was vandalized during World War II and not in the last ten years. There is no maintenance. Within the limits of the cemetery are no structures. Vegetation overgrowth is a constant problem, disturbing graves and stones. Very serious threat: vegetation. Moderate threat: uncontrolled access. Slight threat: weather erosion, pollution and vandalism.
     Oks Vladimir Moiseevich of 270065, Odessa, Varnenskaya St. 17D, Apt. 52 [Phone: (0482) 665950] visited site on 3/26/95. Interviewed was Kuchmiy P.A., O.I. of Chemirovtsy on 3/25/95. Oks completed survey on 04/17/1995.

ZARNOWCE: (Hungarian) see Zhornishche

ZARUDINTSY I:     US Commission No. UA01700502
Zarudintsy is 19 km from Nemirov. The mass grave is located at the SE outskirts, in the orthodox cemetery. Present town population is under 1,000 with no Jews.      Town had no Jewish community but had 1943 Jewish ghetto and concentration camp. The last known Jewish mass execution burial was Febr. 1943. Romanian and Bessarabian Jews were murdered here. The rural (agricultural) flat land, part of a municipal cemetery, has no sign or marker. Reached by turning directly off a public road and crossing the public Orthodox cemetery, access is open to all. No wall, fence, or gate surrounds. The approximate size of mass grave is now 0.01 hectares. No stones are visible OR The mass grave has only common tombstones. The site contains unmarked mass graves. The municipality owns property used for the Jewish part of non-Jewish cemetery. Properties adjacent are Orthodox cemetery. The mass grave boundaries are larger now than 1939. The mass grave is visited occasionally by private visitors and local residents. This mass grave was not vandalized. There is no maintenance. Moderate threat: weather erosion (seasonal), existing and proposed nearby development. Slight threat: uncontrolled access, pollution and vegetation (seasonal).
     Sokolova Eleonora Eugen'evna of 253152 Kiev, 5 Tychiny St., Apt. 68 [Phone: (044) 5505681] visited site and completed survey on 22/10/96. Chernysh Anatoly Yosifovich of v. Kovalevka [Phone: (071) 33589] was interviewed on 22/10/96.
ZARUDINTSY II:     US Commission No. UA01700501
     See Zarudintsy I for town information. The mass grave is located on SE outskirts in the forest, 9 [or 19] km from Nemirov. The Jewish mass grave was dug in Febr. 1942. Romanian and Bessarabian Jews were murdered here. The isolated wooded flat land has no sign or marker. Reached by turning directly off a public road and crossing public field and forest, access is open to all. No wall, fence, or gate surrounds the mass grave. The approximate size of mass grave is now 0.01 hectares. No gravestones are visible. The municipality owns property used for Jewish cemetery only. Properties adjacent are agricultural and forest. The mass grave boundaries are larger now than 1939. Rarely, private visitors and local residents visit. This mass grave was not vandalized. There is no maintenance. Very serious threat: uncontrolled access (free access, near the mass burial in collective field). Serious threat: vegetation (The mass burial is unmarked, overgrown with the grass and bushes). Moderate threat: weather erosion, pollution and vandalism. Slight threat: existing and proposed nearby development.
Soko      Sokolova Eleonora Eugen'evna of 253152 Kiev, 5 Tychiny St., Apt. 68 [Phone: (044) 5505681] visited site and completed survey on 22/10/96. Chernysh Anatoly Yosifovich of v. Kovalevka [Phone: (071) 33589] was interviewed on 22/10/96.

ZASLAV: see IZYASLAV
ZASLAW: see IZYASLAV

ZASTAVNA:
This town is listed in Carved Memories: Heritage in Stone from the Russian Jewish Pale by David Goberman, NY: also see introduction to Ukraine.
ZASTAVNA:     US Commission No. UA25140101
Alternate name: Zastavna (Yiddish). Zastavna is located in Chernovitskaya at 48º31 25º51, 38 km from Chernovtsy. The cemetery is located at NW, Nezavisimosti St. 147-149. Present town population is 5,001-25,000 with fewer than 10 Jews.      The earliest known Jewish community was 1774. 1939 Jewish population (census) was 635. Effecting the Jewish Community were 1848 and 1905 Zionist organization establishment. The last known Hasidic burial was 1940s. No other towns or villages used this unlandmarked cemetery. The isolated urban flat land has no sign or marker. Reached at Nezavisimosty St. 147, access is open to all. A continuous fence with no gate surrounds the cemetery. 1 to 20 common tombstones, none in original location with more than 75% toppled or broken, date from 19th to 20th century. Locations of any removed stones are unknown. The cemetery contains no known mass graves. Municipality owns property used for residential. Properties adjacent are residential. The cemetery boundaries are smaller now than 1939 because of commercial or industrial development. Rarely, Jewish or non-Jewish private visitors stop. The cemetery was not vandalized in the last ten years. There is no maintenance. Very serious threat: vandalism, existing and proposed nearby development. Serious threat: uncontrolled access. Moderate threat: pollution and vegetation. Slight threat: weather erosion.
     Hodorkovsky Yuriy Isaakovich of 252037, Ukraine, Kiev, Vozduhoflotsky 37A, #23 [Phone: (044)2769505] visited site on 3/15/95. Interviewed was Usatiy valentin Vasilyevich [Phone: (03737) 22486] on 3/15/95. Hodorkovsky completed survey on 03/19/1995. Documentation: Encyclopaedia Judaica, vol.16; H.G old. Geschichte der Juden in der Bukowina, 1962.

ZASTAVKA: see Zastavna
ZASTAZNA: see Zastavna

ZAVALIV:
Alternate names Zavalov, Zawalow.
"Zavaliv is a small but renown historical town or rather a big village (with a population up to 10.000 inhabitants) located 10 km southwest from Pidhaytsi in present day Pidhaytsi district (formerly Berezhany district) of Ternopil region. It is situated on the banks of the same Zolota Lypa (Golden Lime Tree) river as Berezhany is. The name comes from two Ukrainian words: "za" - behind and "val" - ground wall, a large ground fence. The town's population is exclusively Ukrainian now (Greek Catholic by confession) although before the war in 1939 most of the inhabitants were Poles and Jews (30 Jewish families, all of them with coming of Nazis were taken to Jewish Ghetto in Pidhaytsi and afterwards to Belzec camp being exterminated). Ukrainians inhabited the rural areas mostly. The closest villages and towns are Nosiv, Pidhaytsi, Monastyryska. The town is located on the road connecting Pidhaytsi with Ivano-Frankivsk region on the west. Source: http://www.personal.ceu.hu/students/97/Roman_Zakharii/zemla.htm [November 2002]

ZAVALOV: see BEREZHANY and ZAVALIV
ZAWALOW: see BEREZHANY and ZAVALIV

ZDOLBUNOV:     US Commission No. UA17100501
Alternate name: Zdolbunow (Yiddish) and Zdolbunov (German). Zdolbunov is located in Rovenskaya at 50º31 26º15, 19 km from Rovno. The mass grave is located at Kalinina St. SE. Present town population is 25,001-100,000 with no Jews.      The earliest known Jewish community was 15th century [or 17th]. 1939 Jewish population (census) was 1262. Effecting the Jewish Community were 1648 Pogroms and World War 1. The Jewish mass grave was dug in 1941. Jews from no other towns or villages were murdered at this unlandmarked mass grave. The urban, hillside and crown of a hill has no sign or marker. Reached by "other," access is open to all. No wall, fence, or gate surrounds the mass grave. The approximate size of mass grave is now 0.01 hectares. No stones were removed. The common tombstones date from 1964. The site contains marked mass graves. The municipality owns property used for mass burial site. Properties adjacent are commercial or industrial. Organized Jewish group tours or pilgrimage groups, Jewish or non-Jewish private visitors and local residents visit rarely. This mass grave was not vandalized. Now, occasionally authorities clear or clean. Moderate threat: uncontrolled access and vandalism. Slight threat: weather erosion, pollution and existing nearby development.
ZDOLBUNOV:     US Commission No. UA17100101
     Alternate name: Zdolbunow (Russian). The Jewish cemetery was established in the 18th century with last known Hasidic burial 1940. No other towns or villages used this unlandmarked cemetery. The isolated urban flat land has no sign or marker. Reached by turning directly off a private road, access is open to all. No wall, fence, or gate surrounds the cemetery. 101 to 500 common tombstones, most in original location with 25%-50% toppled or broken, date from 18th to 20th century. Locations of any removed stones are unknown. The cemetery has no special sections. The cemetery contains no known mass graves. Municipality owns property used for Jewish cemetery only. Properties adjacent are residential. The cemetery boundaries are unchanged since 1939. Rarely, organized Jewish group tours or pilgrimage groups. The cemetery was vandalized occasionally in the last ten years. There is no maintenance. Within the limits of the cemetery are no structures. Vegetation overgrowth is a constant problem, damaging stones. Very serious threat: uncontrolled access and vegetation. Serious threat: pollution. Moderate threat: vandalism. Slight threat: weather erosion.
     Kirzhner Moisey Davidovich of Lutsk, Grushevskogo Prosp. 18, Apt. 38 [Phone: (03322) 34775] visited site and completed survey on 9/26/94. Interviewed on 9/26/94 were German Yakov Abramovich [Phone: (0362) 244646] and Kostyuk V.G. of Rovno, Dragomanova St. 19.

ZDOLBUNOW: (Russian and Yiddish) see Zdolbunov
ZEDECHOYV: (Polish) see Zhidachiv
ZEDECHOYV, ZIDICHEV: (others) see Zhidachiv
ZELENA DIBROVA: (Ukraine) see Zelenaya Dubrava

v. ZELENAYA DUBRAVA:     US Commission No. UA23060501
Alternate name: Zelena Dibrova (Ukraine). v. Zelenaya Dubrava is located in Cherkasskaya at 49º50 32º3, 28 km from Zvenigorodka and 99 km from Chercass. The mass grave is located 7 km E from Zvenigorodka-Gorodische highway. Present town population is 25,001-100,000 with 11-100 Jews.      The earliest known Jewish community was 1856. 1939 Jewish population (census) was 6584. Effecting the Jewish Community were 1768 Koliibschina and 1919 Civil War Pogroms. The Jewish mass grave was dug in 1941. Jews from no other towns or villages were murdered at this unlandmarked mass grave. The isolated rural (agricultural) flat land has signs or plaques in local language mentioning the Holocaust. Reached by turning directly off a public road, access is open to all. A continuous fence with no gate surrounds the mass grave. The approximate size of mass grave is now 0.01 hectares. No stones were removed. The common tombstones date from 1979. The site contains marked mass graves. The municipality and a regional or national governmental agency own site used for mass burial site. Properties adjacent are agricultural. Frequently, organized individual tours, Jewish or non-Jewish private visitors and local residents visit. This mass grave was not vandalized. Now, occasionally authorities clear or clean. No threats.
     Turman Bella Samuilovna of Chercass, Homenko St. 16, Apt. 66 [Phone: (0472) 631272] visited and completed survey on 2/16/95. No interviews were conducted.

ZELENIY YAR: may be buried at Victorovka
ZELENIY YAR I:     US Commission No. UA14080501
Alternate name: Karlovka (German) and Karlovka (Russian). Zeleniy Yar is located in Nikolaevskaya at 47º_ 31º_, 8 km from Domanevka and 185 km from Odessa. The mass grave is located at 1500 m NE from village, between cemetery and pigsty. Present town population is under 1,000 with no Jews.      The earliest known Jewish community was 1794. 1939 Jewish population (census) was 153242. Effecting the Jewish Community were Odessa data and 1881 pogrom, 1920 community organization destruction. Living here was Akhad-Khaam (A.G. Gintsberg). The Hasidic mass grave was dug in 1941. Jews from no other towns or villages were murdered at this unlandmarked mass grave. The isolated suburban agricultural flat land has no sign or marker. Reached by crossing public fields of collective farm, access is open to all. No wall, fence, or gate surrounds the mass grave. No stones are visible. No stones were removed. The site contains unmarked mass graves. The municipality owns property used for agriculture (crops or animal grazing) and mass burial site. Properties adjacent are agricultural. The mass grave boundaries are larger now than 1939. Rarely, local residents visit. The mass grave was vandalized occasionally in the last ten years. There is no maintenance. Vegetation overgrowth is a seasonal problem, preventing access. Very serious threat: pollution (Near mass burial site is pigsty. Waste of cattle breeding pollutes mass burial site). Moderate threat: uncontrolled access, vegetation, existing and proposed nearby development. Slight threat: weather erosion and vandalism.
     Oks Vladimir Moiseevich of 270065, Odessa, Varnenskaya St. 17D, Apt. 52 [Phone: (0482) 665950] visited site and completed survey on 17/04/1995. Interviewed on 17/04/1995was Ostapenko M.K., Kovalenko M. of Zeleniy Yar. Documentation: See section 14 [sic]. Other documentation was inaccessible.
ZELENIY YAR II:     US Commission No. UA14080502
     See Zeleniy Yar I. The mass grave is located on left bank of Bashkaly River, 300 m from collective farm. Living here were Ahad-Haam (A.G. Gintsberg) and Lev Pinsker. The Jewish mass grave was dug in 1941 with last known Hasidic burial 1942. Jews from no other towns or villages were murdered at this unlandmarked mass grave. The isolated urban site by water has no sign or marker. The access is open to all with is no gate. No stones are visible. No stones were removed. The site contains unmarked mass graves. The municipality owns property used for agriculture (crops or animal grazing) and mass burial site. Properties adjacent are river and park. The mass grave boundaries are larger now than 1939. Rarely, local residents visit. The mass grave was vandalized occasionally in the last ten years. There is no maintenance. Vegetation overgrowth and water drainage are seasonal problems preventing access. Moderate threat: uncontrolled access, weather erosion, pollution, vegetation and vandalism. Slight threat: existing nearby development.
     Oks Vladimir Moiseevich of 270065, Odessa, Varnenskaya St. 17D, Apt. 52 [Phone: (0482) 665950] visited site on /04/1995. Interviewed was Ostapenko M.K.Kovalenko M of Zeleniy Yar on /04/1996. Oks completed survey on 20/04/1995. Documentation: See section 14 [sic]. Other documentation was inaccessible.

ZENKOV I:     US Commission No. UA16130101
Alternate name: Zinkow (Hungarian), Zienkow (Slov) and Zinkiv (Ukraine). Zenkov is located in Poltavskaya at 50º21 34º22, 133 km from Kharkov and 83 km from Poltava. The cemetery is located at W part of town on Komunarskaya St. Present town population is 5,001-25,000 with 11-100 Jews.      The earliest known Jewish community was in 19th century. 1926 Jewish population (census) was 608. Effecting the Jewish Community were 1905, 1918-1919, and 1920 Petlyurovsky, Denikensky, and Mahnovsky pogroms. The Jewish cemetery was established in the 19th century with last known Hasidic burial 1959. No other towns or villages used this unlandmarked cemetery. The isolated suburban flat land has no sign or marker. Reached by turning directly off a public road, access is open to all. No wall, fence, or gate surrounds the cemetery. 1 to 20 stones with 0% toppled or broken, date from 1896 to 20th century. Stones removed were incorporated into roads or structures. Some tombstones have metal fences around graves. The cemetery contains unmarked mass graves. Municipality owns property used for Jewish cemetery only. Properties adjacent are agricultural and residential. The cemetery boundaries are smaller now than 1939 because of agriculture. Rarely, Jewish or non-Jewish private visitors and local residents visit. The cemetery was vandalized during World War II. Jewish individuals within country did re-erection of stones, cleaned stones and cleared vegetation. There is no maintenance. Within the limits of the cemetery are no structures. Vegetation overgrowth is a constant problem, disturbing graves. Water drainage at the cemetery is a seasonal problem. Very serious threat: uncontrolled access (Part of the cemetery is farmed), vandalism (Burial robbers look for gold.), existing nearby development (In 1989-1990, the cemetery was partly developed) and proposed nearby development. Serious threat: pollution (Garbage is thrown on the cemetery site). Moderate threat: weather erosion and vegetation.
     Sokolova Eleonora Eugen'evna of 253152, Kiev, Tychiny St. 5, apt. 68 [Phone: (044) 5505681] visited and completed survey on 4/25/95. Interviewed on 4/25/95 were Babich Ivan Ivanovich [Phone: (05353) 31278] and Kuchsh Pavel K. of Lenina St. 97, apt. 7 [Phone: (05353) 33396]. Other documentation was inaccessible.
ZENKOV II: 315130, US Commission No. UA16130501
     The mass grave is located at S. The Jewish mass grave was dug in 1941. Jews from no other towns or villages were murdered at this unlandmarked mass grave. The isolated suburban agricultural site has no sign or marker. Reached by turning directly off a public road, access is open to all. No wall, fence, or gate surrounds the mass grave. The approximate size of mass grave is now 0.01 hectares. No stones were removed. The site contains unmarked mass graves. The municipality owns property used for mass burial site. Properties adjacent are commercial or industrial and agricultural. Rarely, Jewish or non-Jewish private visitors and local residents visit. The mass grave was vandalized during World War II. There is no maintenance. Vegetation overgrowth and water drainage are seasonal problems preventing access. Serious threat: uncontrolled access, weather erosion, vandalism and existing nearby development. Moderate threat: vegetation. Slight threat: proposed nearby development.
     Sokolova Eleonora Eugen'evna of 253152, Kiev, Tychiny St. 5, apt. 68 [Phone: (044) 5505681] visited and completed survey on 4/26/95. Interviewed on 4/26/95 was Babich Ivan Ivanovich [Phone: (05353) 31278]. Other documentation was inaccessible.
ZENKOV III:     US Commission No. UA16130101
     The cemetery is located at W part of town on Komunarskaya St. The Jewish cemetery was established in the 19th century with last known Hasidic burial 1959. No other towns or villages used this unlandmarked cemetery. The isolated suburban flat land has no sign or marker. Reached by turning directly off a public road, access is open to all. No wall, fence, or gate surrounds the cemetery. 1 to 20 stones.,25%-50% toppled or broken, date from 1896 to 20th century. Stones removed were incorporated into roads or structures. Some tombstones have metal fences around graves. The cemetery contains unmarked mass graves. Municipality owns property used for Jewish cemetery only. Properties adjacent are agricultural and residential. The cemetery boundaries are smaller now than 1939 because of agriculture. Rarely, Jewish or non-Jewish private visitors and local residents visit. The cemetery was vandalized during World War II. At the cemetery, Jewish individuals within country did re-erection of stones, cleaned stones and cleared vegetation at some time.. There is no maintenance. Within the limits of the cemetery are no structures. Vegetation overgrowth is a constant problem, disturbing graves. Water drainage at the cemetery is a seasonal problem. Very serious threat: uncontrolled access (Part of the cemetery is farmed.), vandalism (Burial robbers look for gold.), existing nearby development (In 1989-1990, cemetery partly was developed.) and proposed nearby development. Serious threat: pollution (Garbage is thrown on the cemetery site). Moderate threat: weather erosion and vegetation.
     Sokolova Eleonora Eugen'evna of 253152, Kiev, Tychiny St. 5, apt. 68 [Phone: (044) 5505681] visited and completed survey on 4/25/95. Interviewed on 4/25/95 were Babich Ivan Ivanovich [Phone: (05353) 31278] and Kuchsh Pavel K. of Lenina St. 97, apt.7 [Phone: (05353) 33396]. Other documentation was inaccessible.
ZENKOV IV: 315130, US Commission No. UA16130501
     The mass grave is S. The Jewish mass grave was dug in 1941. Jews from no other towns or villages were murdered at this unlandmarked mass grave. The isolated suburban agricultural site has no sign or marker. Reached by turning directly off a public road, access is open to all. No wall, fence, or gate surrounds the mass grave. The approximate size of mass grave is now 0.01 hectares. No stones were removed. The site contains unmarked mass graves. The municipality owns property used for mass burial site. Properties adjacent are commercial or industrial and agricultural. Rarely, Jewish or non-Jewish private visitors and local residents visit. The mass grave was vandalized during World War II. There is no maintenance. Vegetation overgrowth and water drainage are seasonal problems preventing access. Serious threat: uncontrolled access, weather erosion, vandalism and existing nearby development. Moderate threat: vegetation. Slight threat: proposed nearby development.
     Sokolova Eleonora Eugen'evna of 253152, Kiev, Tychiny St. 5, apt. 68 [Phone: (044) 5505681] visited and completed survey on 4/25/95. Interviewed on 4/25/95 were Babich Ivan Ivanovich [Phone: (05353) 31278] and Kuchsh Pavel K. of Lenina St. 97, apt.7 [Phone: (05353) 33396]. Other documentation was inaccessible.

ZHABOKRICHI I:     US Commission No. UA01020101
Alternate name: Schabokritsch (Hungarian) and Zhabokritch (Ukraine). Zhabokrichi is located in Vinnitskaya at 48º23 28º59, 8 km from Krijopol, 135 km from Vinnitsa and 275 km from Odessa. The cemetery is located at N outskirts of city. Present town population is 1,000-5,000 with no Jews.      The earliest known Jewish community was 18th century. 1939 Jewish population (census) was 500. Effecting the Jewish Community were Pogroms in 1918-20, mass shooting, July 25, 1941 and Ghetto, 1941-44. The Jewish cemetery was established in middle with last known Hasidic burial 1993. Krizhopol till 1932 (8 km away) used this unlandmarked cemetery. The isolated suburban agricultural hillside has no sign or marker. Reached by turning directly off a public road, access is open to all. No wall, fence, or gate surrounds the cemetery. 101 to 500 stones, most in original location with less than 25% toppled or broken, date from 19th to 20th century. Locations of any removed stones are unknown. The cemetery has special sections for men and women. Some tombstones have traces of painting on their surfaces and/or metallic elements. The cemetery contains no known mass graves. Municipality owns property used for Jewish cemetery and agriculture (crops or animal grazing). Properties adjacent are agricultural, residential and flooded woodland. The cemetery boundaries are unchanged since 1939. Rarely, Jewish or non-Jewish private visitors stop. The cemetery was vandalized during World War II and occasionally in the last ten years. Jewish individuals within country patched broken stones, cleaned stones and cleared vegetation. There is no maintenance. Within the limits of the cemetery are no structures. Vegetation overgrowth is a constant problem, disturbing both graves and stones. Water drainage at the cemetery is a seasonal problem. Very serious threat: uncontrolled access (Entrance to cemetery open to all with cattle grazing.) Serious threat: vegetation (Heavy overgrowth covers gravestones and entrance). Moderate threat: weather erosion, pollution and vandalism. Slight threat: existing nearby development.
     Oks Vladimir Moiseevich of 270065, Odessa, Varnenskaya 17D, apt. 52 [Phone: (0482)665950] visited site and co pleted survey on 7/4/94. Interviewed were members of the Jewish community of Krijopo. Documentation: City Populations of the Russian Empire, Podol region, 1864; Population of Towns of the Podol Region, Krilov, 1905; Historic Monuments in Podol-Kamanets Region, Gulman 1901; National Minorities in Ukraine, Register, 1925. Other documentation was inaccessible.
ZHABOKRICHI II:     US Commission No. UA01020501
     The mass grave is located at Center. 1920 Community organization was destroyed on 25 July 1941. The Jewish mass grave was dug 25 July 1941. Jews from no other towns or villages were murdered at this unlandmarked mass grave. The isolated urban flat land has signs or plaques in local language mentioning the Holocaust. Reached by town street, access is open to all. No wall, fence, or gate surrounds the mass grave. The approximate size of mass grave is now 0.01 hectares. Locations of any removed stones are unknown. The mass grave has only common tombstones from 1946. The site contains marked mass graves. The municipality owns property used for mass burial site. Properties adjacent are residential. Occasionally, local residents visit. The mass grave was vandalized during World War II and frequently in the last ten years. Occasionally, individuals clean or clear. Vegetation overgrowth is a seasonal problem, preventing access. Moderate threat: uncontrolled access, pollution, vegetation, vandalism and existing nearby development. Slight threat: weather erosion and proposed nearby development.
     Oks Vladimir Moiseevich of 270065, Ukraine, Odessa, Varnenskaya 17D, apt. 52 [Phone: (0482) 65950] visited in 07/1994 and 12/1991. Interviewed was Zakrevskiy A.N. in 07/1995. Oks completed survey on 07/03/1995. Documentation: Odessa Oblast State Fond P-2255, on. 1, D-1157, 1189, 1309, 1359, 1360. Other documentation was inaccessible.

ZHABOKRITCH: (Ukraine) see Zhabokrichi
ZHADOVE: may be buried at Semenovka
ZHELUDEK: may be buried at Vladimirets
ZHERAVNE: (German) see Zhuravno

ZHEZHELEV:
Located at 49º48' 28º39', 93.5 miles WSW of Kiev. "...there is a place of mass execution of Jews from the village of Komsomolskoye. It was difficult to persuade the Village Council secretary (an official person!) to show me the place, situated in the depth of a forest near the old mine. We got there with difficulty, walking half of the way in water up to our knees. There was no other way to get there. Later the secretary asked me to pay for her services because it was not her duty to walk over marshes." Source: Jewish Heritage Report: http://www.isjm.org/jhr/nos3-4/ukrcem.htm [March 2002]

ZHIDACHIV I:     US Commission No. UA13130101
Alternate names: Zidachov (German) and Zedechoyv, Zidichev (others). The cemetery is located S at the lake, near the center of town. The town is located at 49º23 24º8, 56 km from L'vov. Present town population is 5,001-25,000 with fewer than 10 Jews.      The earliest known Jewish community was 17th century. 1939 Jewish population was 870 with last known Hasidic burial in 1940. No other towns or villages used this unlandmarked cemetery. The isolated urban crown of a hill by water has no sign, but has Jewish symbols on gate or wall. Reached by turning directly off a public road and crossing other public garden, access is open with permission. A continuous fence and a gate that locks surround the cemetery. The approximate size of cemetery before WWII was 3.40 and is now 3.00 hectares. 101 to 500 stones, few in original location, date from 1806. Locations of any removed stones are unknown. Some tombstones have traces of painting on their surfaces. The cemetery contains no known mass graves. Municipality owns property used for Jewish cemetery only. Properties adjacent are residential. The cemetery boundaries are smaller now than 1939 because of commercial or industrial development. Occasionally, private visitors stop. The cemetery was vandalized during World War II and not in the last ten years. Jewish Community of L'vov did re-erection of stones, fixed wall and fixed gate in 1992 [continuing in 1995]. Occasionally, individuals clean or clear. Within the limits of the cemetery is an ohel. Very serious threat: existing nearby development (Garages are on part of the cemetery.) Slight threat: weather erosion, vegetation and vandalism.
     Aberman S.E. visited and completed survey on 08/11/95. Pashko Vladimir of apt. 3, 16 S.Bendery St. was interviewed on 08/11/95.
ZHIDACHIV II:     US Commission No. UA13130501
The mass grave is located at town S. The last known Jewish burial was in 1942. Jews from no other towns or villages were murdered at this unlandmarked mass grave. The isolated urban flat land has no sign or marker. Reached by turning directly off a public road, access is open to all. No wall, fence or gate surrounds the mass grave. No stones are visible or mass grave has only common tombstones. No stones were removed. No structures. The mass grave property is now used for garage. Properties adjacent are residential and Jewish cemetery. The mass grave boundaries are larger now than 1939. Rarely, local residents visit. There is no maintenance. Very serious threat: uncontrolled access and existing nearby development. Moderate threat: pollution and vandalism. Slight threat: weather erosion (seasonal), vegetation (seasonal) and proposed nearby development.
     Aberman S.E. visited and completed survey on 08/11/95. Pashko Vladimir, Apt. 3, 16 S.Bendery St. was interviewed on 08/11/95.

ZHIDACHOV: (German) see Zhidachiv
ZHILINTSY: see SUDILKOV
ZHISHCHUV: (German) see Rzhishchev

ZHITOMIR I:     US Commission No. UA05190101
Alternate name: Zytomierz (Yiddish), Jitomir (Russian) and Shitomir (Ukraine). Zhitomir is located in Zhitomirskaya at 28º40 50º15, 131 km from Kiev, 187 km from Rovno and 120 km from Vinnitsa. The cemetery is located at Berdichevskoye shosse. Present town population is over 100,000 with 1,001-10,000 Jews.
     The earliest known Jewish community was 1622. 1926 Jewish population (census) was 29598. Living here were Slonimskiy Haim Zelich (1810-1904), Bialik Chaim (1873-1934), Volynskiy Leonid (1913-1967), Gamarnik Yan Borisovich (1894-1937) and Chernyakhovskiy Mark Isaevich (1860-1936), Veksler Vladimir Iosifovich. Buried in the cemetery are r. Moshe from Korostyshev (1920), ts.r. Mordekhay from Korostyshev (1916) and r. Yakov from Korostyshev (1941), and r. Mordekhay from Kotelnya with last known Hasidic burial in 1993. Korystyshev (29 km away) and St.Kotelnya (29 km away) used this unlandmarked cemetery. The isolated urban hillside has no sign or marker. Reached by turning directly off a public road, access is open to all. A continuous masonry wall and a broken fence surround the cemetery. A gate does not lock. More than 5000 stones, with less than 25% toppled or broken, date from 1893. Locations of any removed stones are unknown. Some tombstones have portraits on stones and/or metal fences around graves. The cemetery contains no known mass graves. Municipality owns property used for Jewish cemetery only. Properties adjacent are residential. The cemetery boundaries are unchanged since 1939. Occasionally, organized Jewish group tours or pilgrimage groups, Jewish or non-Jewish private visitors and local residents stop. The cemetery was vandalized during World War II, not in the last ten years or occasionally in the last ten years. Occasionally, individuals clean or clear. Within the limits of the cemetery are a pre-burial house and an ohel. Vegetation overgrowth is a constant problem, disturbing graves. Moderate threat: uncontrolled access, vegetation and vandalism. Slight threat: weather erosion.
     Kogan Leonid of Novograd-Volynskiy, Lenina St. 107, apt. 42 [Phone: (04141) 54259] visited site on 07/ 1/994 and 11/5/94. Interviewed in 07/1994 were Shtraybman Grigoriy Mikhaylovich and Frayngold Aleksandr Ilich. Kogan completed survey on 11/11/1994.
ZHITOMIR II:     US Commission No. UA05190102
The cemetery is located at corner of Mayakovskogo St. and Parhomenko St.      The Jewish cemetery was established in the 18th century with last known Habad Hasidic burial at end 19th century. No other towns or villages used this unlandmarked cemetery. The isolated urban flat land has no sign or marker. Reached at corner of Mayakovskogo St. and Parhomenko St., access is open to all. No wall, fence, or gate surrounds the cemetery. No stones are visible. Locations of any removed stones are unknown. The cemetery has no special sections. The oldest known gravestone dates from 20th century. The cemetery contains no known mass graves. Municipality owns property used for housing. Properties adjacent are residential. The cemetery boundaries are smaller now than 1939 because of housing development. The cemetery was vandalized prior to World War II. There is no maintenance. Within the limits of the cemetery are no structures. Very serious threat: uncontrolled access, vandalism and existing nearby development. Moderate threat: proposed nearby development. Slight threat: weather erosion and pollution.
     Kogan Leonid of Novograd-Volynskiy, Lenina St. 107, apt. 42 [Phone: (04141) 54259] visited site on 5/1/95. Interviewed was Kondratyuk Ruslan on 5/1/95. Kogan completed survey on 20/01/1995.
ZHITOMIR III:     US Commission No. UA05190501
     The mass grave is located at Dolzhik. The Jewish mass grave was dug in 1941. Jews from no other towns or villages were murdered at this unlandmarked mass grave. The isolated wooded flat land has signs or plaques in local language mentioning the Holocaust. Reached by turning directly off a public road, access is open to all. There is a gate that locks. 1 to 20 common tombstones, all in original location with none toppled or broken, date from 20th century. No stones were removed. The site contains marked mass graves. The municipality owns property used for mass burial site. Properties adjacent are agricultural and forest. Rarely, organized Jewish group tours or pilgrimage groups and Jewish or non-Jewish private visitors stop. This mass grave was not vandalized. Local/municipal authorities did re-erection of stones in 1980. Now, occasionally authorities clear or clean. Vegetation overgrowth is a seasonal problem, preventing access. Moderate threat: uncontrolled access, vegetation and vandalism. Slight threat: weather erosion, pollution, existing and proposed nearby development.
     Kogan Leonid of Novograd-Volynskiy, Lenina St. 107, apt. 42 [Phone: (04141) 54259] visited site on 9/4/95. Interviewed on 25/02/1995 was Shraybman Grigoriy Mikhaylovich. Kogan completed survey on 09/04/1995.
ZHITOMIR IV:     US Commission No. UA05190103
     The cemetery is SW at Chernakhovskogo St. #102-104. The Jewish cemetery was established in the 19th century with last known Habad-Lyubavich Hasidic burial 1941. No other towns or villages used this unlandmarked cemetery. The urban flat land, separate but near other cemeteries, has no sign or marker. Reached by turning directly off a public road, access is open to all. No wall, fence, or gate surrounds the cemetery. No stones are visible. Locations of any removed stones are unknown. The oldest known gravestone dates from 19th century. The cemetery contains no known mass graves. Municipality owns property used for industrial or commercial use. Properties adjacent are residential. Rarely, local residents visit. There is no maintenance. Within the limits of the cemetery are no structures. Vegetation overgrowth is a seasonal problem, preventing access. Very serious threat: vandalism, existing and proposed nearby development. Serious threat: uncontrolled access. Moderate threat: pollution and vegetation. Slight threat: weather erosion.
     Kogan Leonid of Novograd-Volynskiy, Lenina St. 107, apt. 42 [Phone: (04141) 54259] visited site on 9/4/95. Interviewed on 15/06/1995 Omschinskiy Anton of Zhitomir, Ostrovskogo St. 3 and Kondratyuk Ruslan. Kogan completed survey on 25/06/1995.
ZHITOMIR V:     US Commission No. UA05190502
     The mass grave is located between Svobody St. and Kamenka River, NW of town. Effecting the Jewish Community were 1837 Jewish printing-house, 1848 rabbinical school, 1873 Jewish teacher's institute. The Hasidic mass grave was dug in 1941. Jews from no other towns or villages were murdered at this unlandmarked mass grave. The isolated urban flat land has no sign or marker. Reached by Maksyutova St., access is open to all. No wall, fence, or gate surrounds the mass grave. No stones are visible or removed. The site contains unmarked mass graves. The municipality owns property used for mass burial site, private garage. Properties adjacent are residential and shooting range of military school. The mass grave boundaries are larger now than 1939. This mass grave was not vandalized. There is no maintenance. Within the limits of the mass grave are garages. Very serious threat: existing nearby development. Serious threat: uncontrolled access. Moderate threat: pollution and proposed nearby development. Slight threat: weather erosion and vegetation.
     Kogan Leonid of Novograd-Volynskiy, Lenina St. 107, apt. 42 [Phone: (04141) 54259] visited site on 16/02/1996. Interviewed on 16/02/1996 were Milinyevskaya Yanina Vikentyevna and Stanis of 2D Lane Maksyutova 5. Kogan completed survey on 22/02/1996. Other documentation was inaccessible.
ZHITOMIR VI:     US Commission No. UA05190104
     The cemetery is located at SW part, Korbutovka. The Jewish cemetery was established in 1976 with last known Habad-Lyubavichi Hasidic burial 1996. No other towns or villages used this unlandmarked cemetery. The suburban flat land, part of a municipal cemetery, has no sign or marker. Reached by crossing other public wooded park, access is open to all. A continuous fence with non-locking gate surrounds the cemetery. 501 to 5000 stones, all in original location with none toppled or broken, date from 1976. No stones were removed. The cemetery has no special sections. Some tombstones have traces of painting on their surfaces, iron decorations or lettering, portraits on stones and/or metal fences around graves. The cemetery contains no known mass graves. Municipality owns property used for Jewish section of municipal cemetery. Properties adjacent are recreational and wooded park. The cemetery boundaries are larger now than 1939. Occasionally, by local residents visit. This cemetery has not been vandalized. Local/municipal authorities did re-erection of stones, cleared vegetation, fixed wall and fixed gate in 1976. The government pays the regular caretaker. Within the limits of the cemetery are a well, an in-house [sic] and administration. The pre-burial house has a tahara (table) and other distinctive features. Vegetation overgrowth is a seasonal problem, preventing access. Moderate threat: uncontrolled access, vegetation and vandalism. Slight threat: weather erosion and pollution.
     Kogan Leonid of Novograd-Volynskiy, Lenina St. 107, apt. 42 [Phone: (04141) 54259] visited site on 24/05/1996. Interviewed on 24/05/1996 was Bublik Lyudmila Nikolaevna of Zhitomir, Sovetov Sq. 4. Kogan completed survey on 25/05/1996. Documentation: I. Veytsblit Movement of Jewish People in Ukraine, 1930.

ZHMERINCA I:     US Commission No. UA01170102
Alternate name: Shmerinka (Yiddish) and Zmerinka (Ukraine). Zhmerinca is located in Vinnitskaya at 49º2 28º6, 32 km from Vinnitsa. Present town population is 25,001-100,000 with 101-1,000 Jews.      The earliest known Jewish community was second half 19th century. 1939 Jewish population (census) was 4380. Effecting the Jewish Community were 1881 Pogrom, 20-21/10/1905 Pogrom with no deaths, 1918-1920 Petlurovski and Denikinski Pogroms and 1941 Romanian occupation zone with 1942 Ghetto. The Jewish cemetery was established in 1884 century with last known Hasidic burial 1994. No other towns or villages used this unlandmarked cemetery. The isolated suburban flat land has no sign or marker. Reached by turning directly off a private road, access is open to all. A broken fence with no gate surrounds the cemetery. 501 to 5000 stones, most in original location with 25%-50% toppled or broken, date from 18th century. Locations of any removed stones are unknown. The cemetery has no special sections. Some tombstones have portraits on stones and/or metal fences around graves. The cemetery contains no known mass graves. Municipality owns property used for Jewish cemetery only. Properties adjacent are agricultural. The cemetery boundaries are larger now than 1939. Frequently, local residents visit. The cemetery was vandalized occasionally in the last ten years. Local Jewish resident patched broken stones, cleaned stones and cleared vegetation. Occasionally, individuals clean or clear. Within the limits of the cemetery are no structures. Vegetation overgrowth is a seasonal problem, preventing access. Water drainage at the cemetery is a seasonal problem. Slight threat: vegetation.
     Fuks M.L. of Vinnitsa [Phone: 358296] visited site on 7/12/94. No interviews were conducted. Fuks completed survey in 1994. Documentation: Population of towns in Podol Region. A. Krylov.1905; History of Towns and Villages in Ukraine. Vinnitska. Kiev. URE. 1969; Short Jewish Encyclopaedia. Jerusalem. 1976; Jewish Encyclopaedia in 16 vols. Brokgayz-Efron; Encyclopaedia Judaica in 17 vols. Jerusalem.
ZHMERINKA II:     US Commission No. UA01170101
     The 1884 cemetery is located at Moskolenko St. Buried in the cemetery is Frankfurt's rabbis, scinces [sic] with last known Hasidic burial 1994. No other towns or villages used this unlandmarked cemetery. The isolated suburban hillside and between fields and woods is reached by turning directly off a public road. Access is open to all. A broken masonry wall with on-locking gate surrounds the cemetery. 501 to 5000 stones, all in original location with less than 25% toppled or broken, date from 1884 to 20th century. Locations of any removed stones are unknown. The cemetery has special sections for men, women and children. Some tombstones have traces of painting on their surfaces, iron decorations or lettering, other metallic elements, portraits on stones and/or metal fences around graves. The cemetery contains no known mass graves. Municipality owns property used for Jewish cemetery only. Properties adjacent are agricultural and residential. The cemetery boundaries are larger now than 1939. Frequently, Jewish or non-Jewish private visitors visit. The cemetery was vandalized during World War II and occasionally in the last ten years. Jewish individuals within country and abroad did re-erection of stones, patched broken stones, cleaning of stones, cleared vegetation and fixed gate 1945-1948. Jewish survivors, contributions from visitors, and municipality pay the regular caretaker. Within the limits of the cemetery are other structures. Vegetation overgrowth is a constant problem, damaging stones. (not a problem). [sic]
     Oks Vladimir Moiseevich of 270065,Oddesa, Varnenskaya St. 17D, apt. 52 [Phone: (0482) 665950] visited site and completed survey on 6/26/94. Interviewed waw local resident. Documentation: Populations of Towns in the Podol Region. A.Krylov. 1905; National Minorities in Ukraine. Register. Kharkiv. 1925. Other documentation was inaccessible.

ZHORNISCHE: may be buried at Olyka
ZHORNISHCHE I:     US Commission No. UA01440501
Alternate names: Zarnowce (Hungarian). The town is located at 49º0 29º5, 50 km from Vinnitcha and 12 km from Illintchy. The mass grave is located at N outskirts of village, left of the road to Illintchy. Present town population is 1,000-5,000 with no Jews.      The earliest known Jewish community was 18th century. 1926 Jewish population was 996. The Jewish mass grave was dug in 1941. Jewish community was Hasidic. Jews from no other towns or villages were murdered at this unlandmarked mass grave. The isolated forest has no sign or marker. Reached by crossing public field and ravine, access is open to all. No wall, fence or gate surrounds the mass grave. No stones are visible. No stones were removed. No structures. The municipality owns property used for Jewish cemetery only. Properties adjacent are agricultural and the ravine. The mass grave boundaries are larger now than 1939. Rarely, private visitors and local residents visit. This mass grave was not vandalized. There is no maintenance. It is overgrown with the trees and bushes. Serious threat: uncontrolled access (Far from farmsteads, site is not registered.). Moderate threat: weather erosion (seasonal) and pollution. Slight threat: vandalism.
     Sokolova Eleonora Eugen'evna of 253152 Kiev, 5 Tychiny St., Apt. 68 [Phone: (044) 505681] visited site and completed survey on 29/09/96. Pritula Vasiliy Ivanovich of 1, Pestelya St. [Phone: 071 27100] was interviewed on 29/09/96.
ZHORNISHCHE II:     US Commission No. UA01440101
     The cemetery is located at the NNW outskirts on Torgovaya Ploshchad St. The last known Hasidic burial was in 1961/62 No other towns or villages used this unlandmarked cemetery. The isolated rural (agricultural) hillside and crown of a hill has no sign or marker. Reached by turning directly off a public road, access is open to all. No wall, fence or gate surrounds the cemetery. The approximate size of cemetery before WWII was 0.80 and is now 0.50 hectares. 21 to 100 stones, most in original location, date from 20th century. Some tombstones have metal fences around graves. The cemetery contains no known mass graves. Municipality owns property used for Jewish cemetery and waste dumping. Properties adjacent are agricultural and ravines. The cemetery boundaries are smaller now than 1939 because of the ravines. Occasionally, private visitors and local residents stop. The cemetery was not vandalized in the last ten years. Jewish individuals within country did cleaned stones and cleared vegetation before WW II. There is no maintenance. Within the limits of the cemetery are no structures. Very serious threat: uncontrolled access, vegetation (partially overgrown with bushes that destroy the monuments) and vandalism (plundering). Moderate threat: weather erosion (seasonal) and pollution. Slight threat: existing and proposed nearby development.
     Sokolova Eleonora Eugen'evna of 253152 Kiev, 5 Tychiny St., Apt. 68 [Phone: (044) 505681] visited site and completed survey on 28/09/96. Timofeeva Evdokiya Vasilievna of 3 Suvorovskaya St. was interviewed on 28/09/96.
ZHORNISHCHE III:     US Commission No. UA01440102
     The cemetery is located at village center, 1 Vira St. on a farmstead. No other towns or villages used this unlandmarked Hasidic cemetery. The isolated rural (agricultural ravinehas no sign or marker. Reached by crossing private property, access is open with permission. No wall, fence or gate surrounds the cemetery. The approximate size of cemetery before WWII was 1.00 and is now 0.56 hectares. Locations of any removed stones are unknown. 6 common tombstones remain in the cemetery, in all probability, plundered. The cemetery contains no known mass graves. Municipality owns property used for private farmstead with kitchen garden. Properties adjacent are residential and other farmsteads. The cemetery boundaries are smaller now than 1939 because of housing development and other farmsteads. Rarely, private visitors and local residents visit. There is no maintenance. Within the limits of the cemetery is private farmstead. Very serious threat: existing nearby. Serious threat: vandalism. Moderate threat: weather erosion, pollution, vegetation and proposed nearby development. Slight threat: uncontrolled access.
     Sokolova Eleonora Eugen'evna of 253152 Kiev, 5 Tychiny St., Apt. 68 [Phone: (044) 505681] visited site and completed survey on 28/09/96. Timofeeva Evdokiya Vasilievna of 3, Suvorovskaya St. was interviewed on 28/09/96.

ZHOVKVA I:     US Commission No. UA13230501
Alternate names: Scholkev (German) and Zolkiew (Polish). The town is located at 50º4 23º58, 29 km from L'vov. The mass grave is located at the center of town in town cemetery. Present town population is 5,001-25,000 with fewer than 10 Jews.
Town officials: Town State Dept., Chairman Tlustyak Mikhail Nikolaevich [Phone: (03252) 21264]. Main architect Khizhnyak Valery [Phone: (03252) 2549]. Town State Department. Layner Zigmunt Simeonovich [Phone: (03252) 1730]. Layner Zigmunt Simeonovich. Architectural Preservation, Zhovkva of Chief-Nakopalo Vladimir Iosipovich [Phone: (03252) 2549].
     The earliest known Jewish community was 1593. 1939 Jewish population was 3718. Living here were Yakub Betsalel', Sander Shorr, and Natan Krokhmal with last known Hasidic burial was 1975. Jews from no other towns or villages were murdered at this unlandmarked mass grave. The urban flat land, part of a municipal cemetery, has signs or plaques in local language and Yiddish and Jewish symbols on gate or wall. The marker mentioned Jews and the Holocaust. Reached by turning directly off a public road, access is open to all. No wall, fence, or gate surrounds the mass grave. 1 to 20 stones, all in original location, date from 1992. No stones were removed. Some tombstones have metal fences around graves. No structures. The municipality owns property used for Jewish cemetery only. Properties adjacent are agricultural, residential, and town cemetery. The mass grave boundaries are larger now than 1939. Cccasionally, organized Jewish group tours or pilgrimage groups, organized individual tours and private visitors stop. This mass grave was not vandalized. Local/municipal authorities and Jewish individuals and groups within country did re-erection of stones. The government pays the regular town cemetery caretaker. No threat: uncontrolled access, weather erosion, pollution, vegetation, vandalism, existing and proposed nearby development.
     el'ston, I.I. of a/c 10569, L'vov 290049 [Phone: (0322) 227490] visited and completed survey on 04/10/96. Layner Zigmunt Simeonovich and Baybula Lyudmila were interviewed on 04/10/96.
ZHOVKVA II:     US Commission No. UA13230101
     The cemetery is located at 9 Shevchenko St. The last known Hasidic burial was in 1930-1943. No other towns or villages used this unlandmarked cemetery. The isolated urban flat land has inscriptions in Hebrew on gate or wall. The marker mentions famous individuals buried in cemetery. Reached by turning directly off a public road, access is open to all. A continuous masonry wall with non-locking gate surrounds the cemetery. The approximate size of cemetery before WWII and now is 3.80 hectares. Stones removed were incorporated into roads or structures. 1 to 20 common tombstones date from 1610. The cemetery contains unmarked mass graves. The municipality and a regional or national governmental agency own site used for industrial or commercial use and market. Properties adjacent are residential. The cemetery boundaries are unchanged since 1939. Occasionally, organized individual tours and Jewish or non-Jewish private visitors visit. The cemetery was vandalized during World War II and not in the last ten years. There is no maintenance. Within the limits of the cemetery are market's structures. Very serious threat: uncontrolled access (On market days, cattle graze in the cemetery.) and weather erosion. Serious threat: vandalism and proposed nearby development (possible new market structures). Moderate threat: pollution and vegetation.
     Gel'ston I.I. of a/c10569, L'vov 290049 [Phone: (0322) 227490] visited site on /07/96 on /08/96 and /09/96. Interviewed on /09/96 were Layner Zigmunt Simeonovich and Y. Kaprus'. Gel'ston completed survey on 09/10/96. Documentation: Jakiv Schall Dawnia Zolkiew i jej Zydzi, Zolkiew, 1938; Map of Zhovkva, 1854, 1995. Other documentation exists but was too general.
ZHOVKVA III:     US Commission No. UA13230502
     The mass grave is located at town E, in the forest. Last known Hasidic burial was in March 1943. Jews from no other towns or villages were murdered at this unlandmarked mass grave. The isolated suburban flat land by water and between fields and woods has signs or plaques in local language and Yiddish and Jewish symbols on gate or wall mentioning Jews and the Holocaust. Reached by turning directly off a public road, access is open to all. No wall or fence and no gate surround the mass grave. 1 to 20 stones, all in original location, date from 1995. No stones were removed. Some tombstones have iron decorations, lettering and/or other metallic elements. The site contains marked mass graves. The municipality owns property used for Jewish cemetery only. Properties adjacent are forest and military unit. The mass grave boundaries are larger now than 1939. Occasionally, organized Jewish group tours or pilgrimage groups, organized individual tours and private visitors stop. This mass grave was not vandalized. Local non-Jewish residents, local/municipal authorities, Jewish individuals within country and abroad did re-erection of stones in 1995. Occasionally, individuals clean or clear. Very serious threat: vegetation (The forest overgrowth). Serious threat: uncontrolled access (free access). Moderate threat: weather erosion. Slight threat: pollution.
     Gel'ston I.I. of a/c10569, L'vov 290049 [Phone: (0322) 227490] visited on on 04/10/96. Interviewed on 04/10/96 were Layner Zigmunt Simeonovich and Baybula Lyudmila. Gel'ston completed survey on 11/10/96.

ZHOVTANTSY: used the cemetery at Kulikov
ZHOVTNEVO: (Ukraine) see Zhovtnevoye

v. ZHOVTNEVOYE:     US Commission No. UA22370501
Alternate name: Zoltance (Yiddish) and Oktyabrskoye (Russian). v. Zhovtnevoye is located in Khmelnitskaya. The town is location at 49º 59 24º14, 120 km from Rovno and 26 km from Lvov. The mass grave is located at North. Present town population is 1,000-5,000 with no Jews.      The earliest known Jewish community was 17th century. 1939 Jewish population (census) was 293. Effecting the Jewish Community was 1920 [sic]. The Jewish mass grave was dug in 1942. Berezdov (10 km away) Jews were murdered here. The isolated rural (agricultural) flat land has signs or plaques in local language mentioning Jews and the Holocaust. Reached by crossing public property, access is open to all. No wall, fence, or gate surrounds the mass grave. The approximate size of mass grave is now 0.01 hectares. No stones were removed. The common tombstones date from 1994. The site contains marked mass graves. The municipality owns property used for mass burial site. Properties adjacent are agricultural. Occasionally, organized individual tours and local residents visit. This mass grave was not vandalized. Now, occasionally authorities clear or clean. Moderate threat: uncontrolled access and vegetation. Slight threat: weather erosion, pollution and vandalism.
     Oks Vladimir Moiseevich of 270065, Odessa, Varnenskaya St. 17D, apt. 52 [Phone: (0482) 65950] visited on /05/1995. Interviewed were Saf'yan R.N., Korsun V.G. of Berezdov on /05/1995. Oks completed survey on 23/08/1995. Other documentation was inaccessible.

ZHOVTNEVOYE I:     US Commission No. UA14100501
Alternate name: Tsvetkovo (Russian). Zhovtnevoye is located in Nikolaevskaya at 47º_ 31º_, 15 km from Domamevka and 160 km from Odessa. The mass grave is located at 2.5 km S from village. Present town population is under 1,000 with no Jews.      The earliest known Jewish community was 1794. 1939 Jewish population (census) was 153242. Effecting the Jewish Community was data about Odessa, 1881 pogrom, 1920 Community organizations destruction and 1941-42 Holocaust. Living here were Akhad-Khaam (A.G.Gintsberg) and Lev Ginsker. The mass grave was dug in 1941 with last known Hasidic burial 1942. Odessa (160 km away) Jews were murdered here. The isolated wooded flat land has no sign or marker. Reached by crossing other public collective farm field, access is open to all. No wall, fence, or gate surrounds the mass grave. No stones are visible. No stones were removed. The site contains unmarked mass graves. The municipality owns property used for agriculture (crops or animal grazing) and mass burial site. Properties adjacent are agricultural. The mass grave boundaries are larger now than 1939. Rarely, local residents visit. The mass grave was not vandalized in the last ten years. There is no maintenance. Vegetation overgrowth is a seasonal problem, preventing access. Moderate threat: uncontrolled access, vegetation and vandalism. Slight threat: weather erosion, pollution and existing nearby development.
     Oks Vladimir Moiseevich of 270065, Odessa, Varnenskaya St. 17D, Apt. 52 [Phone: (0482) 665950] visited site on /04/1995. Interviewed was Sandler O.S., Nagirner of Odessa on /03/1993. Oks completed survey on 16/04/1995. Documentation: See section 14 [sic]. Other documentation was inaccessible.
ZHOVTNEVOYE II:     US Commission No. UA14100502
     The Jewish mass grave was dug in 1941 with last known Hasidic burial 1942. Odessa (160 km away) Jews were murdered here. The isolated urban flat land has no sign or marker. Reached by turning directly off a public road, access is open to all. No wall, fence, or gate surrounds the mass grave. No stones are visible. No stones were removed. The site contains unmarked mass graves. The municipality owns property used for agriculture (crops or animal grazing) and mass burial site. Properties adjacent are agricultural. The mass grave boundaries are larger now than 1939. Rarely, local residents visit. The mass grave was vandalized occasionally in the last ten years. There is no maintenance. Vegetation overgrowth is a seasonal problem, preventing access. Moderate threat: uncontrolled access, pollution, vegetation and vandalism. Slight threat: weather erosion and existing nearby development.
     Oks Vladimir Moiseevich of 270065, Odessa, Varnenskaya St. 17D, Apt. 52 [Phone: (0482) 665950] visited site on /04/1994. Interviewed were Sandler O.S. Nagirner M.L. of Odessa on /03/1993. Oks completed survey on 16/04/1995.

v. ZHURAVNIKI I:     US Commission No. UA02090501
Alternate name: Droshkopol (Yiddish), Drushkopl (German), Drusnkopol (Hungarian), Druszkopol (Russian) and Druzkopol (Hebrew). v. Zhuravniki is located in Volynskaya at 50º26 24º41, 60 km from Lutsk and 140 km from Lvov. The mass grave is located at NW, 500m from brick factory. Present town population is 1,000-5,000 with no Jews.      The earliest known Jewish community was 18th century. 1939 Jewish population (census) was 779. Effecting the Jewish Community were World War I and II. The Jewish mass grave was dug in 1941. Jews from no other towns or villages were murdered at this unlandmarked mass grave. The isolated rural (agricultural) flat land has no sign or marker. Crossing public collective farm fields and road to Kvasov, access is open to all. No wall, fence, or gate surrounds the mass grave. The approximate size of mass grave is now 0.01 hectares. No stones were removed. The site contains unmarked mass graves. The municipality owns property used for agriculture (crops or animal grazing) and mass burial site. Properties adjacent are agricultural. The mass grave is visited rarely by Jewish or non-Jewish private visitors. The mass grave was not vandalized in the last ten years. There is no maintenance. Moderate threat: uncontrolled access, pollution, and vegetation. Slight threat: vandalism, existing and proposed nearby development.
     Kirzhner Moisey of 263005, Lutsk, Grushevskogo St. 18, apt. 38 [Phone: (03322) 4775] visited site on 2/21/95. Interviewed was Rul I.P. on 2/21/95. Kirzhner completed survey on02/21/1995. Documentation: The Holocaust of Volhynian Jews,1941-1944; Yad Vashem. The Federation of Volhinian Jews Jerusalem, 1990. Other documentation was inaccessible.
v. ZHURAVNIKI II:     US Commission No. UA02090101
     The cemetery is located at W part of village, near road to Kvasov. The Jewish cemetery was established in 1818 with last known Hasidic burial 1940. No other towns or villages used this unlandmarked cemetery. The isolated rural (agricultural) flat land has no sign or marker. Reached by near road to Kvasov, access is open to all. No wall, fence, or gate surrounds the cemetery. 1 to 20 common tombstones, none in original location with more than 75% toppled or broken, date from 19th century. Locations of any removed stones are unknown. The cemetery contains no known mass graves. Municipality owns property used for agriculture (crops or animal grazing) and waste dumping. Properties adjacent are agricultural and residential. The cemetery boundaries have not changed since 1939. Rarely, Jewish or non-Jewish private visitors stop. The cemetery was not vandalized in the last ten years. There is no maintenance. Within the limits of the cemetery are no structures. Serious threat: uncontrolled access (Caretaker needed; tombstones used as construction supplies.). Moderate threat: pollution and vandalism. Slight threat: vegetation, existing and proposed nearby development.
     Kirzhner Moisey of 263005, Lutsk, Grushevskogo St. 18, apt. 38 [Phone: (03322) 34775] visited site and completed survey on 2/21/95. Interviewed on 2/21/95were Palchin P.I., Litvin M.V., and Gutra V.I. Documentation: State Archive of Volyn Oblast, f. 96, op 1; Documents of Jewish Gmina.
     UPDATE:Recently evaluated, the complete results are being studied. Cemetery in deplorable condition. (Project initiated by Yizkor Book Project Coordinator, Gary Gershfiel from Forest Hills, NY) Source: HFPJC/ hfpjc@thejnet.com [September 2004]

ZHYDOVTSY: see V. RADVYANSKOE found under Radvyanskoe.

ZHURAVNO:     US Commission No. UA13120101
Alternate names: Zheravne (German), Zurawno (Polish), Zuravna (Hebrew) and Zhuravno (others). The town is located at 49º15 24º17, 75 km from L'vov and 20 km from Zhidachiv. The cemetery is located at central part of town, near the church on Shevchenko St. Present town population is 5,001-25,000 with fewer than 10 Jews.      The earliest known Jewish community was 17th century. 1939 Jewish population was 1200. The last known Hasidic burial was about 1940. No other towns or villages used this unlandmarked cemetery. The isolated urban flat land has no sign or marker. Reached by turning directly off a public road, access is open to all. No wall, fence, or gate surrounds the cemetery. The approximate size of cemetery before WWII was 1.00 and is now 0.54 hectares. 1 to 20 common tombstones none in original location, date from 1851. Locations of any removed stones are unknown. The cemetery contains no known mass graves. Municipality owns property used for Jewish cemetery only. Properties adjacent are residential. The cemetery boundaries are smaller now than 1939 because of housing development. Rarely, Jewish or non-Jewish private visitors and local residents visit. The cemetery was vandalized during World War II and not in the last ten years. There is no maintenance. Within the limits of the cemetery are no structures. Serious threat: uncontrolled access and proposed nearby development (On partof the cemetery was houses. Development will continue). Moderate threat: pollution, vandalism and existing nearby development. Slight threat: weather erosion (seasonal) and vegetation.
     ABERMAN S.E. visited the site for this survey on 20/10/95. Koltyuk Nelya Ivanovna was interviewed on 20/10/95. This survey was complete by Aberman S.E. of apt. 2, 4, Novakovskogo St. L'vov [Phone: (0322) 24687] on 25/10/95.
    UPDATE: "I was looking at the information about the Jewish cemetery in Zhuravo Ukraine. I believe it contains incorrect or misleading information of some historical significance.
    "According to the report 'The cemetery was vandalized during World War II and not during the last 10 years.' I was in Zhuravno myself in August 1995, two months before the person who submitted the report to you, and can tell you that more than a dozen people to whom I talked (they had all gathered around to see what the foreigner (me) was up to in their town) told me that the cemetery was dismantled in 1989 so that the headstones could be used to lay the foundation for the new schoolhouse. Since this story reflected very badly on the town's current residents, it struck me as very credible. Why would they make up something that reflected badly on themselves? It would have been easier for them to say 'The Nazis did it.' Instead, they engaged in a lively debate among themselves, before my very eyes, about whether the dismantling of the cemetery and the razing of the synagogue (also in 1989) had been justified under the circumstances or immoral. Evidently, the catalyst for both of these events was the death of the town's last Jewish resident, Jakov Laufer, in 1989. Laufer had been the chairman of the town kolkhoz (collective farm) for many years after the war and therefore was a controversial figure to say the least. His widow was still living when I visited in August 1995. She was a Russian gentile whom he met during the war when both of them were in the Red Army. She was a wealth of information. I emphasize, however, that the information about the destruction of the cemetery and the synagogue in 1989 came from the townspeople themselves; she simply confirmed and elaborated what they had told me.
    "In addition, the report submitted to you states that there is no mass grave at the cemetery and that is technically true. The mass grave is located somewhere on the other side of the Dniester River from the town, where the old people and the children of the Jewish community were shot by the Nazis. The general area where they were shot is a few hundred yards from the town (and the Jewish cemetery). My great-grandmother, Blima Spinner, was one of the people shot that day, as recounted by a survivor from Zhuravna who made it to New York after the war. In August 1995, the old citizens offered accounts of the massacre of the children and old people that were so similar to what my grandmother had been told by a Jewish survivor 50 years before. I wonder if you can vouch for the credibility of the source of your information for the Zhuravna cemetery. I am concerned that the information was submitted by someone trying to 'whitewash' the real events.
    Source: Theodore C. Jonas, Baker Botts LLP, The Warner, 1299 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Suite 1300, Washington, DC 20004, Phone - 202-639-7969, Fax - 202-585-1081. [November 2001] [Note from webmaster: We appreciate this report and will pass on the information to the US Commission.]

ZHVANCHIK: (Yiddish) see Velikiy Zhvanchik
ZHVANCIK: (German) see Velikiy Zhvanchik
ZHVANTCHIK: (Polish) see Velikiy Zhvanchik

ZHVANETS: (Podolia Province)
Two Jewish cemeteries exist. The town's mayor notes that the Jewish cemetery inside Zhvanets was filled in 1900 and a new cemetery started north of the town. The "new" one was forgotten since 1943 after the Jews were exterminated. Recently, the town did a survey to develop the land and found about 1,500 gravestones with Hebrew inscriptions. Now a group is organizing a project to photograph, translate and document the data for genealogical purposes. Source: Arthur Halpern; Holon, Israel. arthurh@bezeqint.net [April 2004]

ZIDACHOV: (German) see Zhidachiv
ZIENKOV: (German) see Zenkov 315130 and Zenkov
ZIENKOW: (Slov) see Zenkov
ZINKIV: (Ukraine) see Zenkov
ZINKOV: (Cemetery) see Podolia Guberniya

ZINKOV I:     US Commission No. UA22180101
Alternate name: Zinkiv (Ukraine). Zinkov is located in Khmelnitskaya at 49º5 27º4, 50 km from Kamenets-Podolskiy, 60 km from Khmelnitskiy and 101 km from Vinnitsa. The cemetery is located at Center. Present town population is 1,000-5,000 with fewer than 10 Jews.      The earliest known Jewish community was 15th century. 1939 Jewish population (census) was 2999. Effecting the Jewish Community were 1458 Magdeburg Pravo, 1648-1649 Chmelnitskiy's pogroms, 1918-20 Civil War Pogroms . The Jewish cemetery was established in 18th. Buried in the cemetery is Rabbi Itahak Mir, son of Antera, with last known Hasidic burial 1974. No other towns or villages used this unlandmarked cemetery. The isolated urban hillside has no sign or marker. Reached by town street, access is open to all. A continuous fence with locking gate surrounds the cemetery. 501 to 5000 stones, most in original location with 50%-75% toppled or broken, date 1780. Locations of any removed stones are unknown. Some tombstones have traces of painting on their surfaces, other metallic elements, portraits on stones and/or metal fences around graves. The cemetery contains no known mass graves. Municipality owns property used for Jewish cemetery only. Properties adjacent are residential. The cemetery boundaries have not changed since 1939. Occasionally, Jewish or non-Jewish private visitors stop. The cemetery was vandalized during World War II and frequently in the last ten years. Jewish individuals within country and abroad and Jewish groups within country did re-erection of stones, patched broken stones, cleaned stones and cleared vegetation in 1945-48. Now, occasionally authorities clear or clean. Within the limits of the cemetery are no structures. Vegetation overgrowth is a seasonal problem, preventing access. Very serious threat: vandalism. Serious threat: uncontrolled access. Moderate threat: pollution, vegetation and existing nearby development. Slight threat: weather erosion and proposed nearby development.
     Oks Vladimir Moiseevich of 270065, Odessa, Varnenskaya St. 17D, Apt. 52 [Phone: (0482) 665950] visited site on 3/27/95. Interviewed were Kovalchuk I.N. of Zinkov on 3/27/95 and Petrenko S.V. of Zinkov on 3/27/95. Oks completed survey on 04/04/1995. Other documentation was inaccessible.
ZINKOV II:     US Commission No. UA22180501
Alternate name: Zinkiv (Ukraine). The mass grave is located at 1500m from village, 100m from road to Kamenets-Podolskiy, East at 49º5 27º4, 50 km from Kamenets Podolskiy, 60 km from Khmelnitskiy and 101 km from Vinnitsa. Present town population is 1,000-5,000 with fewer than 10 Jews.      The earliest known Jewish community was 15th century. 1939 Jewish population (census) was 2999. Effecting the Jewish Community were 1458 Magdeburg Pravo, 1648-49 Khmelnitskiy's pogroms, and 1918-19 Civil War Pogroms. The Jewish mass grave was dug in 1942. Jews from no other towns or villages were murdered at this unlandmarked mass grave. The suburban agricultural flat land, separate but near other cemeteries, has no sign or marker. Reached by village road, no wall, fence, or gate surrounds the mass grave. The approximate size of mass grave is now 0.01 hectares. No stones were removed. The site contains unmarked mass graves. The municipality owns property used for mass burial site. Properties adjacent are agricultural. Occasionally, organized individual tours and local residents visit. The mass grave was not vandalized in the last ten years. There is no maintenance. Vegetation overgrowth is a seasonal problem, preventing access. Moderate threat: uncontrolled access and vegetation. Slight threat: weather erosion, pollution and vandalism.
     Oks Vladimir Moiseevich of 270065, Odessa, Varnenskaya St. 17D, Apt. 52 [Phone: (0482) 665950] visited site and completed survey on 3/27/95. Interviewed on 3/27/95was Tihman Lyuba Samoylovna of Zinkov [Phone: 24798] on 3/27/95.

ZINKOW: (Hungarian) see Zenkov
ZINKOW: (Yiddish) see Zenkov 315130
ZINOWJEWSK, ZINOVYEVSK: (Ukraine) see Kirovograd
ZINOWJEWSK: (others) see Kirovograd
ZIVATOV: (Yiddish) see Novozhivotov
ZIVOTOV: (German) see Novozhivotov
ZLOCZOW: (Polish) see Zolochev
ZLOTI POTOK: (Czech) see Zolotoy Potok
ZLOTSCHEV: (German) see Zolochev
ZMERINKA: (Russian and Ukraine) see Zhmerinka
ZNAMENKA: (Russian and Yiddish) see Bolshaya Znamenka

ZNAMENKA I:     US Commission No. UA10190103
Znamenka is 40 km from Kirovograd and 176 km from Dnepropetrovsk. The cemetery is located at north part of town. Present town population is 25,001-100,000 with 101-1,000 Jews.      The earliest known Jewish community was 19th century. 1939 Jewish population was 774. Effecting the Jewish community were 1905 pogroms, Civil War pogroms with last known Hasidic burial in 1970. No other towns or villages used this unlandmarked cemetery. The suburban flat land, part of a municipal cemetery, has no sign or marker. Reached by turning directly off a public road, access is open to all. A continuous fence with no gate surrounds the cemetery. The approximate size of cemetery is now 0.20 hectares. 101 to 500 stones, all in original location, date from 1945. Locations of any removed stones are unknown. The cemetery has no special sections. Some tombstones have traces of painting on their surfaces, iron decorations or lettering, portraits on stones and/or metal fences around graves. The cemetery contains no known mass graves. Municipality owns property used for the Jewish part on the mixed cemetery. Properties adjacent are commercial or industrial and forest. The cemetery boundaries are larger now than 1939. Rarely, private visitors and local residents visit. Jewish individuals within country cleaned stones and cleared vegetation 1945 to 1970. Now, occasionally authorities clear or clean. Within the limits of the cemetery are no structures. Moderate threat: vegetation (seasonal). Slight threat: uncontrolled access, weather erosion (seasonal), pollution, vandalism and proposed nearby development.
     Khodorkovsky Yury Isaakovich of Apt. 23, 37A Vozduhoflotsky Pr., Kiev [Phone: (044) 2769505] visited site on 25/11/96. Interviewed on 25/11/96 was Shkoda Vyacheslav Evgenievich. Khodorkovsky completed survey on 06/12/96.
ZNAMENKA II:     US Commission No. UA10190501
     The unlandmarked mass grave is located at N of town. The last known Jewish burial was in 1942. The isolated suburban flat land has no sign or marker. Reached by turning directly off a public road, access is open to all. No wall or fence surrounds the mass grave. No stones are visible. The mass grave has only common tombstones and unmarked mass graves. The municipality owns property used for Jewish cemetery only. Properties adjacent are residential, forest, and hospital. The mass grave boundaries are larger now than 1939. Rarely, local residents visit. This mass grave was not vandalized. There is no maintenance. Very serious threat: uncontrolled access (The mass burial is unmarked with no fence; nearby are residences with economy build [sic]) and existing nearby development. Serious threat: proposed nearby development Moderate threat: weather erosion (seasonal), pollution and vandalism. Slight threat: vegetation (seasonal).
     Khodorkovsky Yury Isaakovich of Apt. 23, 37A Vozduhoflotsky Pr., Kiev [Phone: (044) 2769505] visited site on 25/11/96. Interviewed on 25/11/96was Shkoda Vyacheslav Evgenievich. Khodorkovsky completed survey on 06/12/96.
ZNAMENKA III:     US Commission No. UA10190101
     The unlandmarked cemetery is located at S outskirts of the town. The last known Jewish Hasidic was in the 19th century. The suburban, hillside, part of a municipal cemetery, has no sign or marker. Reached by to Lenina St. to the lake, access is open to all. No wall or fence or gate surrounds the cemetery. The approximate size of cemetery before WWII was 0.80 and is now 0.50 hectares. Locations of any removed stones are unknown. No stones are visible ORThe cemetery has only common tombstones. The cemetery contains no known mass graves. Municipality owns property used for industrial or commercial use. Properties adjacent are recreational and commercial or industrial. The cemetery boundaries are smaller now than 1939 because of commercial or industrial development. Rarely, local residents visit. The cemetery was not vandalized in the last ten years. There is no maintenance. Within the limits of the cemetery the building of Rybtrest [sic]. Very serious threat: vandalism (All tombstones were destroyed; the cemetery use for industrial building) and existing nearby development. Moderate threat: uncontrolled access, weather erosion (seasonal), pollution and proposed nearby development. Slight threat: vegetation (seasonal).
     Khodorkovsky Yury Isaakovich of Apt. 23, 37A Vozduhoflotsky Pr., Kiev [Phone: (044) 2769505] visited site on 25/11/96. Interviewed were Shkoda Vyacheslav Evgenievich on 25/11/96. Khodorkovsky completed survey on 05/12/96.
ZNAMENKA IV:     US Commission No. UA10190102
     The cemetery is located at central of the town. The last known Hasidic burial was 1941. No other towns or villages used this unlandmarked cemetery. The urban flat land, part of a municipal cemetery, has no sign or marker. Reached by turning directly off a public road, access is open to all. No wall or fence or gate surrounds the cemetery. The approximate size of cemetery before WWII and now is 0.70 hectares. 1 to 20 common tombstones, none in original location, date from 1930. Locations of any removed stones are unknown. The cemetery contains no known mass graves. Municipality owns property used for recreational use (park, playground, and sports). Properties adjacent are recreational and residential. The cemetery boundaries have not changed since 1939. Occasionally, local residents visit. The cemetery was vandalized during World War II and not in the last ten years. Now, occasionally authorities clear or clean. Within the limits of the cemetery are no structures. Very serious threat: vandalism (The tombstones are destroyed). Moderate threat: uncontrolled access and weather erosion (seasonal). Slight threat: pollution, vegetation, existing and proposed nearby development.
     Khodorkovsky Yury Isaakovich of Apt. 23, 37A Vozduhoflotsky Pr., Kiev [Phone: (044) 2769505] visited site on 25/11/96. Interviewed were Shkoda Vyacheslav Evgenievich on 25/11/96. Khodorkovsky completed survey on 06/12/96. Documentation: look to Add. Comm. [sic]

ZOFIEVKA: (German) see Bahov

ZOFYUVKA: (German) see Zof'yuvka
ZOFYVKA: (Polish) see Zof'yuvka
ZOF'YUVKA:     US Commission No. UA02230501
Alternate name: Yaromel, Ignatovka (Yiddish), Figentovka (German) and Ignatowka (Hungarian), Zofyuvka (German), Sofiovka (Polish), Trochenbrod (English) and Trochinbrod (Russian). Zof'yuvka is located in Volynskaya at 50º57 25º38, 35 km from Lutsk and 50 km from Rovno. The mass grave is located in woods behind the farm on the forest road. Present town population is under 1,000 with no Jews.
     The earliest known Jewish community was 18th century. 1939 Jewish population was 1531. Effecting the Jewish community were Civil War and 1st World War. The Jewish mass grave was dug in 1941. Jews from no other towns or villages were murdered at this unlandmarked mass grave. The isolated wooded flat land has signs or plaques in local language mentioning the Holocaust. Reached by road to Gorodische, access is open to all. A continuous fence with no gate surrounds the mass grave. The approximate size of mass grave is now 0.01 hectares. No stones were removed. The common tombstones date from 1980. The site contains marked mass graves. The municipality owns mass burial site. Properties adjacent are forest. Rarely, Jewish or non-Jewish private visitors and local residents visit. This mass grave was not vandalized. Now, occasionally, authorities clear or clean. Moderate threat: uncontrolled access. Slight threat: pollution, vegetation, vandalism, and existing nearby development.
     Kirzhner Moisey of 263005, Lutsk, Grushevskogo St. 18, Apt.38 [Phone: (03322) 34775] visited site and completed survey on 20/06/1995. Interviewed was Aleksyuk A. Maksimchuk A. on 20/06/1995. Documentation: Shmuel Spector. The Holocaust of Volhynian Jews. 1941-1945; Yad Vashem. The Federation of Volhynian Jews. Jerusalem. 1990, p. 14, 22, 66, 71, 118, 209, 210, 229, 260, 306-310, 338, 358.
ZOF'YUVKA II:     US Commission No. UA02230502
     The mass grave is located at SE, 5 km on the road to Gorodishe. The Jewish mass grave was dug in 1941. Jews from no other towns or villages were murdered at this unlandmarked mass grave. The isolated rural (agricultural) flat land has no sign or marker. Access is open to all. A continuous fence with no gate surrounds the mass grave. 1 to 20 common tombstones, all in original location with none toppled or broken, Stones date from 1980. No stones were removed. The site contains marked mass graves. The municipality owns property used for agricultural use (crops or animal grazing). Properties adjacent are agricultural. Rarely, Jewish or non-Jewish private visitors and local residents visit. The mass grave was not vandalized in the last ten years. Now, occasionally, authorities clear or clean. Slight threat: uncontrolled access and vandalism.
     Kirzhner Moisey of 263005, Lutsk, Grushevskogo St. 18, Apt.38 [Phone: (03322) 34775] visited site and completed survey on 21/06/1995. Interviewed was Aleksyuk P. Maksimchuk A. on 20/06/1995. Documentation: Shmuel Spector. The Holocaust of Volhynian Jews. 1941-1945; Yad Vashem. The Federation of Volhynian Jews. p.310. Other documentation exists but was inaccessible.
ZOF'YUVKA III:     US Commission No. UA02230101
     The Karlin-Stolin Hasidic cemetery was established in 19th century. Ignatovka (2 km away) used this unlandmarked cemetery. The isolated rural (agricultural) flat land has no sign or marker. Reached by turning directly off a public road, access is open to all. No wall or fence, or gate surrounds the cemetery. The approximate size of cemetery before WWII was 1.50 and is now 0.80 hectares. No stones are visible. The cemetery contains no known mass graves. The municipality owns site now used for agricultural use (crops or animal grazing). Properties adjacent are agricultural. The cemetery boundaries are smaller now than 1939 because of agriculture. Rarely, local residents visit. The cemetery was not vandalized in the last ten years. There is no maintenance. Within the limits of the cemetery are no structures. Moderate threat: vandalism. Slight threat: uncontrolled access. No threat: weather erosion, pollution, vegetation, and existing or proposed nearby development.
     Kirzhner Moisey of Apt. 38, 18 Grushevskogo Pr., Lutsk visited site and completed survey on 21/06/95. Alexuk P. on 21/06/95 and Maximchuk A. on 21/06/95 were interviewed. Documentation: Shmuel Spektor. The Holocaust of Volhynian Jews. 1941-1945. Yad-Vashem, the Federation of Volynian Jews. Jerusalem 1990.

ZOLKIEW: (Polish) see Zhovkva

ZOLOCHEV I:     US Commission No. UA13410101
The cemetery is located at the NW part of the village at Lvovskaya St. 16. Alternative names: German: Zlotsche; Polish: Zloczow. It is located in Lvovskaya oblast at 49º40' and 42º35', 64 km from Lvov.Present town population is 5000-25000 with fewer than 10 Jews.      The earliest mention of a Jewish community in the town is 1628. 1934Jewish population was 7000. Effecting Jewish Community were Privileges granted by Polish king Yan III Sobeskii in 1681; building of masonry synagogue in 1782; Polish-Ukrainian War (1648-1654); and tzadakkim from Zolochev. Living here were Israil Eidelis (1505); family of tzadakkim Zlochever; and N.Imber author of the hymn 'Hatikva'. The unlandmarked Hasidic cemetery was created in the second half of the 16th century with last known Jewish burial before June 1941. The isolated urban plain has no sign or marker. Reached by turning directly off the road and crossing public properties (left from the road to Lvov factory area), access is open with permission. A continuuous fence with non-locking gate surrounds site. The approximate size of the cemetery before the World War II was 1.27 hectares. There are no visible tombstones. More than 75% of stones are broken. Some removed stones are part of roads or structures. Local citizens stole stones as building material. There are no separate monuments. The cemetery does not contain mass graves. Municipality owns property used as Jewish cemetery and industrial or commercial usage. The cemetery is borders residential area. The cemetery boundaries are smaller than in 1939 because of the commercial or industrial building process. Occasionally, organized individual tours and Jewish private visitors stop. The cemetery was vandalized during the World War II, between 1945 and 1981 and often during last ten years. Jewish groups within the country and foreign Jewish groups fixed walls and gates in 1995. There is no care or structure. Serious threat: vandalism, incompatible development.
     Iosif Gelston, Lvov, PO Box 10569, 290049, tel./fax: (0322) 227490 completed survey on 30.10.1998 after visit on 15.10.1998. Interviewed were local citizens, living near the cemetery, who refused to give their names. Documentation: CSHA, Fond 186, inventory 6, page 16; L.Chazewiczowa Dzieje m. Zlockowa Zloczow, 1929, p. 61, 64 (in Polish); Slownik Geogr. Krol. Pols., T.14, St. 628, Warszawa, 1895 (in Polish).
ZOLOCHEV II:     US Commission No. UA13420501
The mass burial site is located at the SE part of the village, castle of Zolochev, near the road to Ternopol.      The Hasidic mass burial site dates from 3.07.1941. No other town's Jews were murdered at this site. It is not listed and protected as a landmark or monument. The isolated urban south wall of the castle has no sign or marker. Reached by turning directly off the road, access is open to all. No wall, fence, or gate surrounds the area. There are no visible tombstones or structures. Wooden columns mark the site that contains marked and unmarked mass graves. The municipality and regional or national governmental office owns property used only as Jewish cemetery. The cemetery borders south walls of the castle. Boundaries are larger than in 1939. Rarely, private visitors stop. The mass burial site was vandalized during last ten years. A bulldozer removed part of the land near the southeast line where remains of murdered people were found. Regional/national authorities were responsible for the restoration in 1993. No current care. Serious threat: vegetation overgrowth, incompatible present and planning development. In summer near the site is high grass that prevents access. Through the South swell and a wall entry gate has been established. Now, the mass burial site can be crossed by transport. Moderate threat: safety, erosion, pollution, and vandalism.
     Iosif Gelston, Lvov, 290049, PO Box 10569, tel./fax: (0322) 227490 completed survey on 30.10.1998. Gelston visited site on 15.10.1998. Interviewed were Kovalik Vladimir Ulianovich, Zolochev, Krivonos St., 10, tel.: 44823; Victor Susak-member of Lvov organization "Memorial", participant in 1993 exhumation, tel.: (0322) 744792. Documentation: State Archives of Lvov region (SALR), Fond P-3, Inventory 1, pages 5-6.

ZOLOTONOSHA I:     US Commission No. UA23070101
Alternate name: Zoltonosza (Ukraine). Zolotonosha is located in Cherkasskaya at 49º40 32º2, 28 km from Cherkassy and 139 km from Kiev. The cemetery is located at Zelenyy pereulok, West. Present town population is 25,001-100,000 with 11-100 Jews.      The earliest known Jewish community was 1650. 1939 Jewish population (census) was 5180. Effecting the Jewish Community were 1767 Koliivshchina and 1919-1920 Pogroms. Living here was Rabbi-Nohem Sheyhet. The Jewish cemetery was established in 1650. Buried in the cemetery is Rabbi-Nohem Sheyhet with last known Hasidic burial in 1994. Irkliyev (27 km away), Palmira (18 km away) and Pischana (22 km away), Antonovka (18 km away) used this unlandmarked cemetery. The isolated urban crown of a hill has no sign, but has Jewish symbols on gate or wall. Reached by turning directly off a public road, access is open with permission. Hedges or trees and a gate that locks surround the cemetery. 501 to 5000 stones, most in original location with less than 25% toppled or broken, date from 1908. The cemetery has special sections for men, women, children and suicides. Some tombstones have portraits on stones and/or metal fences around graves. The cemetery contains marked mass graves. Municipality owns property used for Jewish cemetery only. Properties adjacent are residential. The cemetery boundaries are unchanged since 1939. Frequently, Jewish or non-Jewish private visitors and local residents visit. The cemetery was vandalized during World War II and occasionally in the last ten years. Jewish Community cleared vegetation and fixed gate semi-annually. The government pays the regular caretaker. Within the limits of the cemetery is a pre-burial house with a catafalque and burial tools. Slight threat: vandalism.
     Turman Bella Samuilovna of Chercass, Homenko St. 16, apt. 66 [Phone: (0472) 631272] visited site and completed survey on 12/14/94. Interviewed on 12/14/94 was Kanevskiy Yakov Abramovich of Chercass, Vernigory St. 31 [Phone: (0472) 630089].
ZOLOTONOSHA II:     US Commission No. UA23070501
The mass grave is located at town NE on Strunkovskaya St.      The earliest known Jewish community was 1650. 1939 Jewish population (census) was 5180. Effecting the Jewish Community were 1768 Koliyvshchina, 1648 Genotsid, and 1919-1920 Pogroms. Living here was Rabbi-Nohem Sheyhet. The Jewish mass grave was dug in 1942 with last known Jewish burial 1943. Jews from no other towns or villages were murdered at this unlandmarked mass grave. The isolated urban crown of a hill has signs or plaques in local language mentioning the Holocaust. Reached by turning directly off a public road, access is open to all. No wall, fence, or gate surrounds the mass grave. No stones are visible or removed. The site contains marked mass graves. The municipality owns property used for mass burial site. Properties adjacent are agricultural. Occasionally, local residents visit. This mass grave was not vandalized. No maintenance had been done. There is no maintenance. Vegetation overgrowth is a constant problem, disturbing graves. Water drainage at the mass grave is a seasonal problem. Very serious threat: weather erosion, pollution and vegetation. Serious threat: uncontrolled access.
     Turman Bella Samuilovna of Chercass, Homenko St. 16, Apt. 66 [Phone: (0472) 631272] visited on 3/4/95. Interviewed on 3/4/95 were Ponomaryenko Mihail of Vodopoynay St. 5 and Mozgovoy Grigoriy Nikolayevich of Baha St. 139. Turman completed survey on 03/05/1995.

ZOLOTONOSZA: (Ukraine) see Zolotonosha

ZOLOTOY POTOK:     US Commission No. UA19290101
Alternate name: Potek Zolti (Yiddish), Potik, (German), Potok Zloty (Hungarian), Zloti Potok (Czech) and Zolotyy Potik (Ukraine). Zolotoy Potok is located in Ternopolskaya at 48º54 25º20, 18 km from Buchach and 75 km from Chernovtsy. The cemetery is located at NW. Present town population is 1,000-5,000 with no Jews.      The earliest known Jewish community was 18th century. 1939 Jewish population (census) was 895. The Hasidic Jewish cemetery was established in 18th century with last known Jewish burial 1940. No other towns or villages used this unlandmarked cemetery. The isolated suburban flat land has no sign or marker. Reached by turning directly off a public road, access is open to all. No wall, fence, or gate surrounds the cemetery. 21 to 100 common tombstones, most in original location with 50%-75% toppled or broken, date from 20th century. Locations of any removed stones are unknown. The cemetery contains no known mass graves. Municipality owns property used for agriculture (crops or animal grazing). Properties adjacent are agricultural and residential. The cemetery boundaries are smaller now than 1939 because of agriculture. Rarely, local residents visit. The cemetery was vandalized during World War II and occasionally in the last ten years. There is no maintenance. Within the limits of the cemetery are no structures. Water drainage at the cemetery is a seasonal problem. Serious threat: uncontrolled access (Uncontrolled access led to many broken tombstones), existing nearby development (Local residents use this land as kitchen garden and for construction.) and proposed nearby development. Moderate threat: weather erosion, pollution, vegetation and vandalism.
     Hodorkovskiy Yuriy Isaakovich of Kiev, Vozduhoflotskiy Prosp. 37A, Apt.23 [Phone: (044) 2769505] visited site on 16/04/1996. No interviews were conducted. Hodorkovskiy completed survey on /04/1996. Documentation: 1. Encyclopaedia Judaica, Wasiutinski B. Ludnosc zydowska w Polsce w wiekach XIX i XX-Warsawa, 1930.

ZOLOTYY POTIK: (Ukraine) see Zolotoy Potok
ZOLTANCE: (Yiddish) see v. Zhovtnevoye
ZOLTONOSZA: (Ukraine) see Zolotonosha

ZOZOW:     US Commission No. UA01460101
Zozow is 10 km from Lipoveths. The cemetery is located at the NNW outskirts on Litvinov St. on the collective farm. Present town population is 1,000-5,000 with no Jews.      The earliest known Jewish community was 19th century. 1926 Jewish population was 225 with last known Hasidic burial in 1941. No other towns or villages used this unlandmarked cemetery. The isolated rural (agricultural crown of a hill has no sign or marker. Reached by turning directly off a public road and crossing other public collective farms, access is open to all. No wall or fence or gate surrounds the cemetery. The approximate size of cemetery before WWII was 0.40 and is now 0.12 hectares. 1 to 20 common tombstones exist. Locations of any removed stones are unknown. Vegetation overgrowth is a constant problem, disturbing both graves and stones. The cemetery contains no known mass graves. Municipality owns property used for waste dumping. Properties adjacent are agricultural. The cemetery boundaries are smaller now than 1939 because of agriculture. Rarely, private visitors and local residents visit. The cemetery was not vandalized in the last ten years. Jewish individuals within country cleaned stones and cleared vegetation constantly to 1941. There is no maintenance. Within the limits of the cemetery are no structures. Very serious threat: uncontrolled access (The cemetery is on the collective field.) and vandalism (partially plundered). Serious threat: vegetation (overgrown). Moderate threat: weather erosion and pollution. Slight threat: existing and proposed nearby development.
     Sokolova Eleonora Eugen'evna of 253152 Kiev, 5 Tychiny St. apt. 68 [Phone: (044) 5505681] visited site and completed survey on 30/09/96. Mihalskaya Olga Iosifovna of 71 Litvinova St. was interviewed on 30/09/96.

ZURAVNA: (Hebrew) see Zhuravno
ZURAWNO: (Polish) see Zhuravno
ZVANCIK: (German) see Velikiy Zhvanchik
ZVANTCHIK: (Polish) see Velikiy Zhvanchik

ZVENIGORODKA:
     I recently returned from a visit to Zvenigorodka. Ten members of my temple traveled there to present a torah to a Reform/Progressive congregation that recently had its temple returned by the government. On the day we presented the torah, we also participated in Bar & Bat Mitzvah ceremonies for 16 children and one adult (the mother of one of the children). Before leaving Zvenigorodka, we visited the Jewish cemetery. As a result of our visit, we have made a commitment to help the community refurbish and maintain the temple and the cemetery. For further info about efforts to aid the community feel free to e-mail me directly. Source: Gary R. Platt, Morristown, NJ. grplatt@idt.net [29 Jun 2000]

ZVIAGEL: (Russian) see Novograd-Volinskiy
ZVIHIL: (German) see Novograd-Volynskiy
ZVIL: (Yiddish) see Novograd-Volynskiy
ZVIZIGEL: see Novograd-Volunskiy
ZVYAGEL: (Russian) see Novograd-Volynskiy
ZWANCHIK: (English and Russian) see Velikiy Zhvanchik
ZWIAHEL: (Hungarian and Polish) see Novograd-Volinsky
ZWIAHL: see Novograd-Volunskiy
ZYATKOVTSY: used the cemetery at Kublitch
ZYDACZOW: (others) see Zhidachiv
ZYTOMIERZ: (German, Polish and Yiddish) see Zhitomir
ZYWATOW: (Polish) see Novozhivotov

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