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Motl Tovya's [Tovya's son, Motl], the synagogue gabbai [assistant to the rabbi], was a tall Jew, solidly built with a long, grey beard. He wore a tall satin hat on Shabbos and during the week and was always preoccupied, was always busy.

He was not absorbed by business matters; he was only engaged in mitzvahs [Translator's note: the Hebrew word for “commandments” is usually interpreted to mean acts of kindness] and good deeds. He was always happy, with a smile on his lips and he spoke words of faith to everyone: God will help! It will be good!

There was no Jew in Chelm, both young and old, who did not know Motl Tovya's.

He took care of the city's Jewish soldiers, seeing that they had somewhere to be on Shabbos and yom-tov [religious holidays]. When it happened that there were five or six soldiers left in the prayer house and everyone else had already left, he took them home with him on Shabbos and yom-tov. He would also provide Jewish prisoners with a minyon [10 men necessary for saying prayers] and with food.

He collected money to marry off orphaned or poor girls. One would often meet him carrying full baskets of cake and whiskey and everything necessary for the bris [ritual circumcision] or wedding of the poor.

His greatest mitzvah [good deed] was to entertain the bride and groom. He was the bodkhen [Translator's note: wedding entertainer who specializes in humorous and sentimental rhymes], the klezmer [musician] and in-law at the wedding of the poor.

He was also the gabbai [usually an assistant to the rabbi] for the organization that distributed clothing to the needy, insuring that the poor children in the Talmud Torah [elementary school for poor children] had shoes and warm coats.

He also brought the esrog and lulav* to the homes of the sick. He did not forget to do the smallest thing on behalf of the needy. His did his aid work with complete commitment.

*[Translator's note: an esrog (etrog in Hebrew) is a citron; a lulav is composed of three kinds of branches, often a branch of myrtle, a branch of a willow tree and the frond of a date palm tree. They are waved during prayer services on Sukkot, the “Feast of Tabernacles” that usually takes place during late September or during the month of October.]

Moshe Zamler was a baker; he worked 15 hours, day and night. His eyes were red from not sleeping enough, but he had a strong will and

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strove in life. Even though he was not content with his appearance.

I remember how he came to our home on a Friday afternoon, turning to my mother, may she rest in peace, saying that he needed to see me. At first, my mother wondered how it was possible that a Jew of more than 30 years of age had a need to see a 14-year old young man. I happened to be in the house and went over to him. He said the following to me: “I am ignorant; I can only read a little, but, unfortunately, I can not write. If have to sign my name, I place three crosses. I already have three children and they will certainly be ashamed of their ignorant father. Help me to become a person. I need your help. With God's help, I will compensate you. We are neighbors; when you have the time, and when you want to, come in and teach me to write.

I was very pleased by what he said. I began to fill my task in the best possible manner. In the course of eight months, Moshe Zalmer showed that he had learned to write in Yiddish, Polish and do a little arithmetic. His joy was without end.

Later, when I emigrated to Eretz-Yisroel, he accompanied me to say goodbye and he confided a secret to me that he was considering going to Eretz-Yisroel and he actually did.

When I met him in Eretz-Yisroel, he told me how he had sneaked across the border to Romania and how he worked at a saw-mill at a saw. He came to Eretz-Yisroel illegally using the name Leib Psubski.

He then asked his wife and children to come to Eretz-Yisroel. However, his fate was that on erev Yom Kippur [the eve of Yom Kippur] he fell at his defense post, hit with a bullet by an enemy – a follower of Hitler Germany.

We will never forget his memory!

Feiwl Fryd was the nerve, the driving force in Jewish communal-cultural life in Chelm. With his erudition and political-communal consciousness, he brought clarity to the Jewish masses in Chelm.

I remember Feiwl Fryd from the year 1918 until I left Chelm in the year 1933. I heard news irregularly from him during the savage Hitler era. After the great bloody flood, I established a written bond with him.

Today, Feiwl Fryd is in Lublin, Poland. The fact that he survived and endured left a bitter stamp on him. He did not find a place in Chelm, no peace. The empty Jewish city where for many years he had occupied an esteemed place drove him to the neighboring city of Lublin. He is old, in pain, weak, often sick and with little energy for living.

I remember the radiant years of Feiwl Fryd; what colossal enterprising power and instinctive strength he possessed. He created and took part in the activities of many societies and organizations. He was the one who stood by the cradle of the workers movement, devoted to it with heart and soul.

My father, may he rest in peace, tried to make Feiwl Fryd loathsome to me; he once represented him to me in dark colors as a Bund member and revolutionary. He told me that in 1905, F. Fryd had caused great trouble with his “agitation” among the workers during the well-known strikes of that time. (He once came to our house in the masterskaja (factory) with a gun and threatened…)

Feiwl Fryd was the first one who took me into the Yiddish and literary world. As editor of the Chelemer Shtime [Voice of Chelm] in 1925, he encouraged me to write, made me a co-worker at his newspaper.

I remember the time when Feiwl Fryd was the librarian of the Borokhow Library in Chelm. He also was the founder of this library 30 years ago, when I first started to read Yiddish and Feiwl Fryd advised me about the first book I should read – Sholom Aleichem's 75,000…

Feiwl Fryd was a good lecturer. His reports in the meeting room of left Poalei-Zion and in other auditoriums drew great masses.

It was said in Chelm that, under Czarist rule, Feiwl Fryd was exiled to Siberia for revolutionary actions. After the [First] World War, F. Fryd's activities became very visible. He was very active in the left Poalei-Zion Party; he was editor of the Chelemer Folksblat [Chelm People's Newspaper] for a time.

Feiwl Fryd was a child of the people. Therefore, he was beloved and respected by everyone. He was modest, did not consider himself better than anyone. He was acquainted with rich and poor, did not push himself to the front and to glory; was a dear and skillful cultural volunteer, a guide for many Jewish young people. He also was a teacher at the Jewish public school for many years.

At the end, it must be remembered that he was employed as a translator for the publisher, Sh. Jaczkowski in Warsaw, the publisher Goldfarb and others. He translated the works of Emil Ludwig, Zinkler, Zaszczekno, Dunkan and others.

During the years 1918-1922, before he emigrated to America, he traveled to Cuba – and years later, the intelligent and modest Waserman advanced greatly in his new home, America.

He graduated from a teacher's seminar and became a skillful cultural worker and a good teacher. He carried out his work as a teacher in many schools in America, in a series of cities, and became much beloved by hundreds and thousands of Jewish children, as well as by their parents.

Karl Waserman is by nature a dear person with a great love of people and, in particular, of children. He is a writer. One often meets him in the children's division of the Morgn Freiheit [Morning Freedom, a Yiddish newspaper], where he plays a large role among his co-workers, with children's games, jokes and riddles.

Waserman was also a co-worker at Yungvarg [Youth, a children's magazine]. It is thanks to the children's schools in New York that his book, Shpiln un Retnishn [Games and Riddles] was published. Waserman comes from Chelm from a poor family. His father was a tailor and died prematurely in America.

Approximately 30 years ago, A. Y. Dubelman pulled out of the small and quiet shtetl Rawicz, a shtetl that was near Chelm – pulled himself into the larger world.

While still a young man Dubelman aspired to go to a large Jewish center, where Jewish life pulsed. Dubelman was drawn to the large Jewish center, New York, and one day he left his home shtetl and went into the world.

Dubelman did not succeed in entering America and he remained stuck on the way, in distant Cuba, where has lived for nearly 30 years. Dubelman made his home in Cuba with the intent of developing the Jewish community there and publishing the Yiddish word.

Dubelman published two books in Cuba, Dertseylungen fun Kubaner Lebn [Stories from Cuban Life] and Havaner Lebn [Havana Life], for which he was also an editor. He was a contributor to many Yiddish newspapers in other countries.

Leibele Stol was well known among the Chelemer youth in general and among the progressive youth, in particular.

The progressive youth were extremely active in Chelm, equipped with extraordinary daring at filling the assignments from the Communist Party.

Although the Communist Party in Poland was dissolved because many of its members were branded as traitors, the progressive young people in Chelm did not cease their Communist activities nor abandon the connection to Moscow. With great stubbornness, they continued their illegal activities and fought the reactionary [actions] without interruption.

One of these young, stubborn people was Leibele Stol. He worked with a tailor on Lubliner Street. He carried within a fervid belief that a brighter morning would come from the east and all those persecuted would become free and happy.

The atmosphere in Poland was strongly anti-Semitic and reactionary; the ideal for the young Christians was to attack Jews and to see broken Jewish heads. It felt as if the casks of gunpowder would be thrown open and the cursed hand of venom and hatred would on any day throw the world into a burning torch.

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The city garden in Chelm was the meeting place for the young of various shades of opinion. There various ideas were debated, about thinkers and their schools of thought. The Zionists youth, the Hashomer Hatzair [Socialist Zionist movement] and the progressive youth would come together.

Leibele Stol often appeared in the garden with his group. He was the one who set the tone in all discussions and he argued for his political opinions with great zeal and enthusiasm. Leibele Stol would hectograph [reproduce by means of a gelatin duplicator] leaflets. I remember how he distributed them on the 1^st of May and threw them into workshops where the workers produced agricultural implements. He and his group would knock out the window panes and throw proclamations inside calling for the workers to join the struggle against the despised capitalism.

When the war broke out, he and all of his comrades escaped. However, the Hitlerist pestilence headed them off. He returned to his birthplace, broken and sad and hid for a time. He was forced to leave his hiding place because of hunger and pain and was caught by the Gestapo.

Honor his memory!

The first murderous German edict – the Chelm-Hrubieszow-Sokol death march – showed that the delusion held by some of the Jews about the Germans, that they were not so brutal, was false. The face of their wildness was stripped naked and clear. The reverberation of the shooting in the Hrubieszow forest, the spilled blood on the Chelm-Hrubieszow-Sokol highway shocked the Chelemer Jews and the Jews in the neighboring towns and cities.

A group of young people did not take part in this death march. They hid in a cave. The nights were dark and they would go out of the cave at night and infiltrate the shops, taking food.

The Polish shopkeepers noticed that the Jewish businesses that were transferred to their authority as soon as the German entered were being opened at night. They organized a group of Poles under the leadership of the well known enemy of the Jews, Akola Bulak, the baker and they trailed the Jews to the cave when they would come out at night. The Poles took a long rope and one of them let himself down into the deep cave with the rope. However, their “scout” did not return. The young Jews quartered him into pieces with sticks and iron crowbars.

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The Germans and Poles conducted a police raid of this cave and the entire group fell into the murderous-fascistic hands.

At the head of this group was Mendl Stam. He was rebellious and possessed a great entrepreneurial spirit. He was not helpless within the walls of the prison; he attacked the Gestapo and escaped with a revolver.

The Germans nailed up notices promising a great reward for those who caught Mendl Stam. A search was made for him. The Gestapo led him away to prison. The Germans took revenge on him. They administered a violent death on him – he was tortured to death.

Let his memory be blessed!

Dr. Yisroel Oks was a bright figure, a dear Jew with a sweet Jewish heart that dissolved the fog and then separated out the lines of illuminated light. Thus did Dr. Yisroel Oks shine and radiate with his Jewish perception that brought light into the flickering darkness. Jewish paupers knew that Dr. Yisroel Oks and his old mother and his dear Yidishe tokchter,* his wife, would not forget the poor and would always help him and on Fridays prepare a Shabbos package for him.

*[Translator's note: a Jewish daughter – one who fulfills her role as a Jewish woman.]

This bright personality, Dr. Y. Oks, who perished in the Chelm-Hrubieszow-Sokol death march, worked with my father in the interest free loan fund and I saw his interest in every needy person coming to him for a loan.

With a bent head and broken heart, we must remember his service to the community. His curled head of hair, from which a considerable amount of silver hair shone out, gave him the appearance of a typical Jew, of which he was not ashamed. His smart, dark eyes always smiled good-naturedly.

Dr. Oks was famous in Chelm as a medical doctor and as a city businessman who could also study a page of gemara.

Honor his memory!

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Yisroel Yitzhak Nankin, the son of Fishl, the tailor, was one of the most active workers in the artisans' union. He absorbed the feeling of justice, of fairness and love of the Jewish masses and was active for years in activities on behalf of the Chelm artisans.

There was a threat of economic danger to the Jewish artisans when the Polish government issued reactionary guild laws in the 1930's.

At that time, the central Jewish Artisans' Organization in Poland began a widespread campaign among the Jewish craftsmen to inform them about the anti-Semitic guild laws. Yisroel Yitzhak Nankin threw himself with heart and soul into this informational activity.

At every opportunity he defended the right of Jewish artisans and the common people.

His was the chairman of the Jewish Tailors' Organization and of the Spoldzielczy Bank [Cooperative Bank founded by Agudas Yisroel]. He was also one of the founders of the “Linat-ha-Tzedek” [hostel for the poor] and was also active in the “TOZ” organization [Society for the Protection of Health].

The “Linak-ha-Tzedek” gave him a special memento as an award on his 30^th birthday and he received a golden memento from the Chelm Artisans' Union.

In 1936, at the age of 41, he breathed out his soul. His untimely death was a great loss for the Jewish craftsmen and the mass of the people in Chelm.

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