EDWARD KOPÓWKA

The Jews in Siedlce
1850–1945

Dedicated to Izaak Halber, of blessed memory

 

Translated from the Polish by Dobrochna Fire

Edited by Leonard Levin and Michael Halber

 

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FOREWORD TO THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION ON THE GENESIS AND TRANSLATION OF THIS BOOK

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1.

Siedlce and the Jews through the End of the Nineteenth Century

CHAPTER 2.

The Social and Political Life of the Jews of Siedlce at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century

CHAPTER 3.

The Pogrom of 1906

CHAPTER 4.

The Revival of Jewish Society during the Period 1915–1920

CHAPTER 5.

Political Aspirations of Jews during the Period 1918–1939 Zionist Parties The Zionist Organization in Poland—Histadrut Haziyonit be Polonia The World Zionist Labor Party—Mifleget Avodah Zionit Hitachdut Jewish Social-Democratic Labor Party, Right Poalei Zion Jewish Social-Democratic Labor Party, Left Poalei Zion Organization of Orthodox Zionists “Mizrachi” The Pioneer Movement “Hechalutz” Parties Rejecting Emigration as a Solution to the Jewish Question and Striving for Equal Rights within the Framework of the Second Republic Union of Israel — Agudath Israel, Known as Agudah The Jewish Folk Party in Poland—Yiddishe Folks Partei in Poylen, Known as Folkists General Union of Jewish Workers in Poland—Algemener Yiddisher Arbeter Bund in Poylen, Known as Bund Participation of Jews in the Communist Party of Poland Assimilationist Movement

CHAPTER 6.

Schooling Religious Schooling with Hebrew and Yiddish Secular Schooling with Yiddish and Hebrew Secular Schooling with Yiddish Secular Schooling with Hebrew Jews in State Schooling with Polish as the Language of Instruction

CHAPTER 7.

Cultural-Educational, Welfare, and Health Organizations and Sports Cultural-Educational, Welfare, and Health Associations Libraries “Yiddishe Kunst” (Jewish Art) Literary-Musical Society “Tarbut” (Culture) Jewish Educational-Cultural Association Jewish League of People's Education [ŻLOL] Yavneh Jewish Cultural-Educational Association “Freiheit” (Freedom) Cultural-Educational Society “Kultur Liga” (League of Culture) Educational Association League of Aid to Working Palestine Hashomer Hatzair—Young Guard, Scout Trumperldor Association of Jewish Youth—Brit Trumpeldor, Beitar “Akiba” Jewish Scouting Organization—Hanoar Haivri “Akiba” “Laboro” (Work) Workers Association of Esperantists, Siedlce Branch “Morning Prayer” Workers Physical Education Association Protection of Jewish Orphans Association for the Care of Jewish Orphans Jewish Committee of the Maritime and Colonial League Jewish Circle of LOPP (League for Antiaircraft and Antigas Protection) Committee for Aid to Jewish Students—Auxilium Academicum Judaicum “Lodging House” Jewish Charitable Society Health Care Society—TOZ Jewish Tourism Society Alliance of Jewish Women—WIZO (Women's International Zionist Organization) “Jaffe” (the Joffe Family) Association of Jewish Working Women Central Jewish Committee on Emigration to America, Society (Division) in Siedlce “B'nai B'rith” (Sons of the Covenant) Union of Jewish Humanitarian Associations Athletic Clubs

CHAPTER 8.

Internal Self-Rule and the Press The Community Council—Kahal The Jewish Press

CHAPTER 9.

Self-Help Organizations Trade Unions Union of Agricultural Workers in the Food Industry in Poland, Siedlce Division Transportation Workers Trade Union, Siedlce Division Central Trade Union of the Leather and Allied Industries, Division IV in Siedlce Class Trade Union of the Food Branch Garment Industry Workers Trade Union, Siedlce Division Mutual Aid (Relief) Association of Shoemakers in Siedlce Alliance of Small Merchants Jewish Construction Workers Union Retail and Office Workers Trade Union Central Class Union of Siedlce Shoemakers Union of Merchants and Industrialists Union of Painters and Varnishers Guild of Sheet-Metal Workers, Locksmiths, Boiler Smiths, and Allied Trades Trade Union of Jewish Primary School Teachers in Siedlce Branch Union of Porters Branch Union of Butchers Regional Council of Trade Unions in Siedlce Cooperatives General Workers Cooperative Folkist Cooperative Jewish Horticultural-Agricultural Cooperative

CHAPTER 10.

The Holocaust

Siedlce during the Nazi Occupation 1939–1944 The Extermination of Siedlce Jews Labor Camps for Jews    I—Military Provision Depot No. 6 (A.V.L.)    II—Reckmann Construction Company    III—Kisgrube (Gravel Pit) German Construction Inspectorate No. 8    IV—Wolfer und Göbel Road Construction Company    V— Bauzug [Work Train]    VI—German Construction Inspectorate

CHAPTER 11.

After the War

CONCLUSION

APPENDICES

Appendix 1. Michał Kazimierz Ogiński's Letter to Rabbi Abraham Fręklin from 1797 Appendix 2. List of Victims of the 1906 Pogrom in Siedlce Appendix 3. List of the Oldest Surnames of Jewish Families in Siedlce from the Eighteenth Century Appendix 4. List of Droshky Drivers in the City of Siedlce as of 19 October 1919 Appendix 5: Map of the Ghetto in Siedlce Appendix 6. Teachers of Jewish Nationality Connected with Siedlce Who Were Murdered or Missing during World War II Appendix 7. Assurance in Place of an Oath Appendix 8. Fritz Hoeft's Information on the Subject of Taking Photographs during the Liquidation of the Ghetto Appendix 9. Interview with Hubert Pfoch Appendix 10. The Account of Sister of the Sacred Heart Benedykta (Apolonia Kret) Written Down by Piotr Komar (Skórzec, 02.06.2008) Appendix 11. Agnieszka Budna “Jadzia” Appendix 12. Letter from the Chairman of the Union of Siedlce Jews in the United States to the County Administrator in Siedlce with Thanks for Help during the Exhumation of Jews Murdered by the Germans during World War II Appendix 13. Statement Concerning the Policy of Local Authorities Regarding the Protection of Landmarks and Respect for Places of National Remembrance in Siedlce Appendix 14. Map of the Center of the City Appendix 15. Anne Safran—“Wandering around Siedlce” Appendix 16. Stories by Bracha Kahan (Beatrice Stolovy) ”The Wench” “Candies, Chocolates, Jellies” “Great-Grandmother Matl” “Skheda” “A Jewish Home” “Family” “What I Remember” “My Father's Family” Appendix 17. Ida Jom-Tow Tenenbaum—The Worst of Times Appendix 18. Marian Trzebiński—Diary of a Painter Appendix 19. Stories Itzak Nachum Weintraub—“The Convert” Itzak Nachum Weintraub—“Treif Fish” Itzak Nachum Weintraub—“The Saintly Preacher” Alter Drojanow—“Collection of Anecdotes” Jehoshua Goldberg—“Devils” Witold Duniłowicz—“The Water Carrier” Witold Duniłowicz—“Levin's Torah” Apolinary Hartglas—“Milgram” Apolinary Hartglas—“The Persian Rug and 30 Rubles” Appendix 20. Marian Pietrzak “The Jewish Legion of 1920”

TABLES

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN TABLES

BIBLIOGRAPHY Sources Printed Sources Studies The Press

ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY COMPILED BY MICHAEL HALBER

INDEXES INDEX OF SURNAMES [AUTHOR'S] INDEX OF JEWISH TERMS EDITOR'S GLOSSARY OF TERMS

SUMMARY

PODSUMOWANIE [Summary in Polish]

תקציר [Summary in Hebrew]

קורצער הינהאלט [Summary in Yiddish]

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG [Summary in German]

РЕЗЮМЕ [Summary in Russian]

PHOTOGRAPHS Siedlce and the Jews prior to World War II World War II—Extermination After the War

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